Module 1

DC Motor
By
Prof. Mohini Sawarkar
Fleming’s left hand rule
Fleming’s Right hand rule
 Len’s Law

The direction of induced emf is

given by Lenz’s law .
According to this law, the induced
emf will be acting in such a way
so as to oppose the very cause of
production of it .

e = -N (dØ/dt) volts
 DC Generator

Mechanical energy is converted to

electrical energy

Three requirements are essential

1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy
 Working principle of Generator

A generator works on the principles of

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

Whenever a conductor is moved in the

magnetic field , an emf is induced and the
magnitude of the induced emf is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage.

This emf causes a current flow if the

conductor circuit is closed .
 DC Machine

Commutator
Sectional view of a DC machine
Working principle of DC motor
Working principle of DC motor
Force in DC motor
 Back EMF ( Eb)
 When the armature of a DC motor
rotates under the influence of the
driving torque, the armature
conductors move through the
magnetic field and hence emf is
induced in them as in a generator.
 The induced emf acts in opposite
direction to the applied voltage V
(Lenz’s law) and is known as Back
EMF or Counter EMF (Eb).
Continue Back EMF…
 Continue Back EMF
 When dc voltage V is applied across the motor terminals,
the field magnets are excited and armature conductors
are supplied with current.
 Therefore, driving torque acts on the armature which begins
to rotate. As the armature rotates, back emf Eb is induced
which opposes the applied voltage V.
 The applied voltage V has to force current through the
armature against the back emf Eb.
 The electric work done in overcoming and causing
the current to flow against Eb is converted into mechanical
energy developed in the armature.
 It follows, therefore, that energy conversion in a dc motor is
only possible due to the production of back emf Eb.
 Derivation of EMF equation for DC
Machines
(both DC Motor and DC Generator)

Let,
φ= flux per pole in weber
 Z = Total number of conductor

P = Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths
n = Armature speed in rotation per second (r p s)
N = Armature speed in rotation per minute (r p m)
E = emf (Generated emf in case of dc generator;
Back emf in case of motor)
 There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave Armature winding

Lap winding Wave winding

A=P A=2

The armature It is used in low

windings are current
divided into output
no. of sections and high voltage.
equal to the
no of poles 2 brushes
Types of DC Motor
 Series Motor
I

Rf In the series motor current, I flows through both field and

field armature windings so:
winding
Nf turns
V
V = E + I(Ra + Rf)
let R = Ra + Rf 
Ra V = E + IR

armature
winding E = V - IR
E
DC Series Motor
DC Shunt Motor
 Compound Motor
(Long Shunt Compound Motor)
 Compound Motor
(Long Shunt Compound Motor)
CIRCUIT EQUATION
 Compound Motor
(Short Shunt Compound Motor)
 Compound Motor
(Short Shunt Compound Motor)
Applications of DC Motor
 Torque
The turning or twisting force about an axis is
called torque .
P = T * 2 πN/ 60
Eb Ia = Ta * 2 πN/ 60
T ∞φIa
Ta = 0.159 φP I a(Z/A)
Ta =9.55 Eb Ia /N
Tsh= 9.55Output/N
Ta> > Tsh
 Speed
 Eb= V-IaRa
 ØPNZ/60A= V-IaRa
 N= (V-IaRa) 60A/ØPZ
 N= Eb 60A/ØPZ
 As 60A/PZ is constant
 N=K Eb/Ø
 N ∝ Eb/Ø
 Excersize
 Q1 A 240V dc shunt motor has armature and field resistances 0.2  and 320  respectively. The motor
drives a load at a speed of 950 rev min -1 and the armature current is 50A. Assuming that the flux is directly
proportional to the field current, calculate the additional resistance necessary in the field circuit to increase
the speed to 1100 rev min-1 while maintaining the armature current constant.
 Calculate the speed of the machine with the original field current and an armature current of 90A.
 50.5 , 917 rev min-1
 Q2 A 230V dc shunt motor has armature and field resistances of 0.3  and 140  respectively. Calculate
the induced emf and the torque developed by the motor when it runs at a speed of 800 rev min -1 and the
armature current is 2A.
 To drive a larger load at 1000 rev min -1 an additional resistance, R is connected in series with the field
winding. In this situation the armature current is 30A. Calculate the new induced emf and torque and the
value of R. Assume that the flux is directly proportional to the field current.
 229.4V, 5.48Nm; 221V, 63.3Nm, 41.7 
 Q3 A 240V dc series motor has armature and field resistances of 0.5  and 1  respectively. When
running at 1200 rev min-1 the motor draws 15A from the supply. Calculate the torque delivered.
 A 2  resistor is connected in series with the motor. The torque is adjusted so that the armature current
remains unchanged. Calculate the new speed and torque. 26Nm; 1034 rev min-1; 26Nm
 Q4 A 550V dc series motor with an armature resistance of 0.35  and and field resistance of 0.15 
drives a load at a speed of 750 rev min -1. The supply current is 74A. Calculate the load torque.
 The load torque is doubled and the supply current rises to 110A. Calculate the new speed and power
output. 483.3Nm; 537.8 rev min-1; 54.45 kW
Characteristics of DC
Motor
 Characteristics of DC Series Motor
 1) Ta/Ia Characteristic
As we know Ta ∞ φ I a
For series motor φ ∞ I a upto saturation.

So upto saturation relation is Ta ∞ I a.Ia

So Initially characteristic is parabola in nature.

After saturation φ become constant .

So after saturation relation is Ta ∞ I a
Nature of characteristic is straight line.
1) Ta/Ia Characteristic
Application point of view
2) N/Ia Characteristic
 Application point of view
 N ∞ Eb/ φ
 As Eb is practically constant.
 Then N ∞ 1/ φ
 So Speed is inversaly proportional to flux.
 And φ ∞ I a
 When Load is small,Ia is small So flux is
small. Then ultimately speed will be
dangerously high. Which can damage
machine. So DC Series motor should never
be started at zero load. There should always
some load must be provided.
 3) N/Ta Characteristics
 As Ta ∞ Ia
 As N ∞ 1/ φ i.e N ∞ 1/ Ia
 So Ta ∞ 1/ N
 Inverse characteristic
3)N/Ta Characteristics
Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
 Application Point of view
 As DC Shunt motor can produce
torque only proportional to Ia so this
motor can not be use in high torque
requirement application. Like cranes,
hoist,trolleys etc
 Application Point of view
DC Shunt Motor is constant speed
motor so always use in such
application where constant speed
require like
Cutting Machines, lathe machine,
pumps, wood cutting etc
 Speed Control Method
 Eb = PØNZ/60A
(where, P = no. of poles, Ø = flux/pole, N = speed in
rpm, Z = no. of armature conductors, A = parallel
paths)
Eb can also be given as,
Eb = V- IaRa

thus, from the above equations

N = Eb 60A/PØZ
but, for a DC motor A, P and Z are constants

Therefore, N ∝ K Eb/Ø (where, K=constant)

This shows the speed of a dc motor is directly
proportional to the back emf and inversely proportional
Speed Control Of Shunt Motor
1. Flux Control Method
 The speed of a dc motor is
inversely proportional to the flux
per pole.
 Thus by decreasing the flux,
speed can be increased and vice
versa.
 To control the flux, a rheostat is
added in series with the field
winding, as shown in the circuit
diagram.
 Adding more resistance in series
with the field winding will
increase the speed as it
decreases the flux.
 speed can be increased above
the rated value by reducing flux
with this method,
 Speed Control Of Shunt Motor
2. Armature voltage Control Method
 Speed of a dc motor is
directly proportional to the
back emf Eb and Eb = V - IaRa.
 That means, when supply
voltage V and the armature
resistance Ra are kept
constant, then the speed is
directly proportional to
armature current Ia.
 Thus, if we add resistance in
series with the armature,
Ia decreases and, hence, the
speed also decreases.
 Speed below normal speed is
obtain in this mehod.
Speed Control Of Series Motor
1. Flux Control Method
1. Field diverter: A variable resistance is connected
parallel to the series field as shown in fig (a). This
variable resistor is called as a diverter, as the desired
amount of current can be diverted through this
resistor and, hence, current through field coil can be
decreased. Thus, flux can be decreased to the desired
amount and speed can be increased.
2. Armature diverter: Diverter is connected across the
armature as shown in fig (b).For a given constant load
torque, if armature current is reduced then the flux
must increase, as Ta ∝ Ø Ia This will result in an
increase in current taken from the supply and hence
flux Ø will increase and subsequently speed of the
motor will decrease.
3. Tapped field control: As shown in fig (c) field coil is
tapped dividing number of turns. Thus we can select
different value of Ø by selecting different number of
turns.
2.Variable Resistance In Series With Armature
By introducing resistance in series with the armature,
voltage across the armature can be reduced. And,
hence, speed reduces in proportion with it.

3. Series-Parallel Control
This system is widely used in electric traction, where
two or more mechanically coupled series motors are
employed. For low speeds, the motors are connected
in series, and for higher speeds, the motors are
connected in parallel.