Understanding Data and Signals in Network Communication
Understanding Data and Signals in Network Communication
• Bit-Signal Transformation
•Bit- Rate Control
•Bit Synchronization
•Multiplexing
•Circuit Switching
3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
DUTIES OF DATA LINK LAYER:
Packetizing
Addressing
Error Control
Flow Control
Access control
3.2
DUTIES OF NETWORK LAYER:
Internet Working
Addressing
Routing
Packetizing
Fragmenting
3.3
DUTIES OF TRANSPORT LAYER:
Packetizing
Connection Control
Addressing
Providing Reliability
Different Services
Reliablity
Delay
Throughput
Network Security
physical layer.
The physical layer decides on the number of logical
3.6
Switching: Circuit switching a method that allows two
nodes to have a dedicated link.
Transmission Media: Physical layer is dependent on the
transmission media to carry its bits.
Guided: Twisted pair cable, Coaxial cable, Fiber optic cable.
Unguided: Radio wave, Microwave, Infrared etc.
Network & Technologies: LATAs(Local access transport
areas)
High speed access: Internet , Modem , DSL(Digital
3.7
Chapter 3
3.8
Note
3.9
3-1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL
3.10
Analog and Digital Data
Data can be analog or digital.
Analog data are continuous and take
continuous values.
Digital data have discrete states and take
discrete values.
3.11
Analog and Digital Signals
3.12
Figure 3.1 Comparison of analog and digital signals
3.13
3-2 PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS
In data communications, we commonly use periodic
analog signals and nonperiodic digital signals.
Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or
composite. A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave,
cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite
periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.
Topics discussed in this section:
Sine Wave
Wavelength
Time and Frequency Domain
Composite Signals
Bandwidth
3.14
Figure 3.2 A sine wave
3.15
Figure 3.3 Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes
3.16
Note
3.17
Figure 3.4 Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies
3.18
Table 3.1 Units of period and frequency
S(T) =Asin(2пft+Ф)
3.19
Example 3.1
3.20
Example 3.2
Solution
First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we
calculate the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10 −3
kHz).
3.21
Frequency
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect
to time.
• Change in a short span of time means high
frequency.
• Change over a long span of
time means low frequency.
3.22
Note
3.23
Note
3.24
Figure 3.5 Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases
3.25
Example 3.3
Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6
cycle is
3.26
Figure 3.6 Wavelength and period
3.27
Figure 3.7 The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave
3.28
Note
3.29
Example 3.7
3.30
Figure 3.8 The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves
3.31
Signals and Communication
A single-frequency sine wave is not
useful in data communications
We need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine waves.
According to Fourier analysis, any
composite signal is a combination of
simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.
3.32
Composite Signals and
Periodicity
If the composite signal is periodic, the
decomposition gives a series of signals
with discrete frequencies.
If the composite signal is nonperiodic, the
decomposition gives a combination of
sine waves with continuous frequencies.
3.33
Example 3.4
3.34
Figure 3.9 A composite periodic signal
3.35
Figure 3.10 Decomposition of a composite periodic signal in the time and
frequency domains
3.36
Example 3.5
3.37
Figure 3.11 The time and frequency domains of a nonperiodic signal
3.38
3.2.6 (Bandwidth and Signal
Frequency)
The bandwidth of a composite signal is
the difference between the highest and
the lowest frequencies contained in that
signal.
3.39
Figure 3.12 The bandwidth of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals
3.40
Example 3.6
The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz (see Figure 3.13).
3.41
Figure 3.13 The bandwidth for Example 3.6
3.42
Example 3.7
3.44
Example 3.8
Solution
The lowest frequency must be at 40 kHz and the highest
at 240 kHz. Figure 3.15 shows the frequency domain
and the bandwidth.
3.45
Figure 3.15 The bandwidth for Example 3.8
3.46
Example 3.9
3.47
Example 3.10
3.48
Example 3.11
3.49