MIMO

Presented By:
Dhanmeet Kaur (7795982)
Anuj
 Objectives
 Why MIMO
 History of MIMO
 Introduction
 Wireless Fundamentals
 Channel Capacity
 Working of MIMO
 Different Techniques used in MIMO
 Applications
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 Why MIMO
 Traditional wireless communication
systems are known as Single Input Single
Output (SISO).Single Input Single Output
system has a single transmitter and single
receiver.
 Single data stream with single antenna on
both side.Digital Signal Processing(DSP)
and Radio Frequency that has a single
path to transmit a signal.
 It is a low cost and simple to
communication system.
Conventional “Single Input Single Output” (SISO)
systems have some shortcomings:
 Fading: Multiple paths with different phases add

up at the receiver giving a random (Rayleigh/

Ricean) amplitude signal.
 Intersymbol Interference (ISI): Multiple paths

come with various delays, causing intersymbol

interference.
 Co-Channel Interference (CCI): Co-channel
users creates interference to the target users.
 Noise: Electronics suffer from thermal noise

limiting the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

 Doppler: Channel varies over time needs to be

tracked.
Limitations of Conventional (SISO)
Wireless Systems
 History of MIMO
 1970:
MIMO is often tracked back to 1970s research
papers concerning multi- channel digital
transmission systems and interference
(crosstalk) between wire pairs in a cable
bundle.
 1980:
In the mid-1980s at Bell Laboratories took this
research a step further, investigating multi-
user systems operating over "mutually cross-
coupled linear networks with additive noise
sources" such as time-division multiplexing
and dually-polarized radio systems..
 1990:
Space-division multiple access(SDMA) uses
directional or smart antennas to communicate
on the same frequency with users in different
locations within range of the same base
station.
 1993:

In 1993 SDMA-based inverse multiplexing

technique was purposed. This method is
based on broadcasting at high data rates by
splitting a high-rate signal "into several low-
rate signals" to be transmitted from "spatially
separated transmitters" and recovered by the
receive antenna array based on differences in
"directions-of-arrival."
 1996:
In 1996 prototype MIMO system was
builtwhere natural multipath propagation
was exploited to transmit multiple,
independent information streams using co-
located antennas and multi-dimensional
signal processing.
 From 2001:
MIMO technology has been standardized
for wireless LANs, 3G mobile phone
networks, and 4G mobile phone networks
and is now in widespread commercial use
 Introduction
MIMO is an acronym for that stands for
Multiple Input Multiple Output. It is an
antenna technology that is used on both in
transmission and receiver equipment for
wireless radio communication. Variety of
signal paths to carry data, choosing separate
paths for each antenna to enable multiple
paths to be used. To overcome SISO
technology,MIMO technology was used.

MIMO 2 x 2 antenna configuration

MIMO with multiple parallel radios improve
the following:
 Transmit power can be increased via

multiple power amplifiers.

 Higher throughputs possible.

 Transmit and receive interference is

limited.
 Capacity of MIMO channels is that

transmission rate over wireless channels

increased using multiple antennas.
 Wireless Fundamentals I
In order to successfully decode data, signal strength needs
to be greater than noise + interference by a certain
amount
 Higher data rates require higher SINR (Signal to Noise and
Interference Ratio)
 Signal strength decreases with increased range in a
wireless environment

60 Data Rate 1
50 Data Rate 2
Throughput

40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Range
 Wireless Fundamentals II

Ways to increase data rate:

 Conventional single tx and rx radio systems
 Increase transmit power
 Subject to power amplifier and regulatory limits
 Increases interference to other devices
 Reduces battery life
 Use high gain directional antennas
 Fixed direction(s) limit coverage to given sector(s)
 Use more frequency spectrum
 Subject to FCC / regulatory domain constraints

 Advanced MIMO: Use multiple tx and / or rx

radios!
 Channel capacity

 For SISO,
C = B*log2(1+x)

 For MIMO
C = ΣB*log2(1+x/n*y)
Where,
X-SNR
y-Singular values of Radio channel matrix
N- Number of Tx-Rx antenna pairs.
 Working of MIMO
 MIMO takes advantage of multi-path. •
 MIMO uses multiple antennas to send
multiple parallel signals (from transmitter).
 In an urban environment, these signals
will bounce off trees, buildings, etc. and
continue on their way to their destination
(the receiver) but in different directions.
 “Multi-path” occurs when the different
signals arrive at the receiver at various
times
 With MIMO, the receiving end uses an
algorithm or special signal processing to
sort out the multiple signals to produce
one signal that has the originally
transmitted data.
 Multiple data streams transmitted in a
single channel at the same time.
 Multiple radios collect multipath
signals.Delivers simultaneous speed,
coverage, and reliability improvements.
 For example 3 x 3 system:
 Different Techniques used in MIMO

These are the basic types of MIMO technology:

 Pre-coding
 Diversity
 Transmitter Diversity

 Receiver diversity
 Maximum Ratio combining
 SDMA (Space division Multiple Access)
 Spatial-multiplexing MIMO
 PRE-CODING
 In MIMO along with ISI there is another type of
interference developed due to the use of Multiple
antennas, known as MSI (Multi-stream
interference). To remove this MSI we use precoding
at Tx and Rx.
 The output of the space-time encoder is weighted
by the pre-coding matrix,before being Tx from the
antenna.but this approach requires periodic
feedback of the actual complex elements of the
weight matrix.
 This can be achieved by using many Precoding
algorithms. (with full feedback/limited feedback)
E.g. Tomlinson---Harashima precoding (THP) algorithm
 Diversity MIMO Overview

Consists of two parts to make standard 802.11 signals “better

Uses multiple transmit and/or receive radios to form coherent
802.11a/b/g compatible signals
 Receive diversity / combining boosts reception of
standard 802.11 signals

Radio D
S Bits
Bits Radio
TX P
Radio
RX

 Phased array transmit diversity to focus energy to each receiver

D Radio
Bits S
P Radio Bits
Radio RX
TX
 Diversity in Detail
 Diversity —In MIMO systems, the same
information can be transmitted from multiple
transmit antennas and received at multiple
receive antennas simultaneously.
 Since the fading for each link between a pair of
transmit and receive antennas can usually be
considered as
independent, the probability that the information is
detected accurately is increased.
 spatial diversity,
 temporal diversity
 frequency diversity
 if the replicas of the faded signals are received in
the form of redundancy in the temporal and
frequency domains.
 The simplest way of achieving the diversity in
MIMO systems is through repetition coding that
sends the same information symbol at different
time slots from different Tx antennas.
 A more BW Efficient coding is ST coding, where a
block of different symbols are Tx in a different
order from each antenna.
 Spatial Multiplexing

 It is widely recognized that the capacity of a MIMO

system is much higher than a single-antenna
system. For a rich scattering environment , in a
MIMO system with Mt transmit antennas and Mr
receive antennas, the
capacity will grow proportionally with
min(Mt,Mr).MIMO systems provide more spatial
freedoms or spatial multiplexing, so that different
information can be Tx simultaneously over multiple
antennas, thereby boosting the system throughput.
 SM needs a dedicated algorithm at the Rx to sort
out the Rx signals. E.g. V-BLAST.
 Multipath Mitigation with Maximum
Ratio Combining MRC

 Multiple transmit and receive radios allow compensation of

notches on one channel by non-notches in the other
 Same performance gains with either multiple tx or rx radios
and greater gains with both multiple tx and rx radios
 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Concept

Spatial multiplexing concept:

 Form multiple independent links (on same
channel) between transmitter and receiver to
communicate at higher total data rates

DSP Radio Radio DSP

Bit Bit
Bits Bits
Split Merge
DSP Radio Radio DSP
TX RX
 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
Difficulties
Spatial multiplexing concept:
 Form multiple independent links (on same
channel) between transmitter and receiver to
communicate at higher total data rates
 However, there are cross-paths between
antennas

DSP Radio Radio DSP

Bit Bit
Bits Garbage
Split Merge
DSP Radio Radio DSP
TX RX
 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Reality
Spatial multiplexing concept:
 Form multiple independent links (on same channel)
between transmitter and receiver to communicate at
higher total data rates
 However, there are cross-paths between antennas
 The correlation must be decoupled by digital signal
processing algorithms

DSP Radio Radio D

Bit S Bit
Bits Bits
Split P Merge
DSP Radio Radio
TX RX
 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Theory
 High data rate
 Data rate increases by the minimum of number of
transmit and receive antennas
 Detection is conceptually solving equations
Example of 2-by-2 system:
 Transmitted signal is unknown, x1 , x2
 y1 , y2
Received signal is known,
 Related by the channel coefficients, h11 , h12 , h21 , h22
 y1 h11 x1  h12 x2

 y2 h21 x1  h22 x2
 Need more equations than unknowns to succeed

 High spectral efficiency

 Higher data rate in the same bandwidth
 Applications
 WLAN - WiFi 802.11n:Using the space
dimension (MIMO) to boost data rates up
to 600 Mbps through multiple antennas
and signal processing Target applications
include: large files backup, HD streams,
online interactive gaming, home
entertainment, etc. Backwards compatible
with 802.11a/b/g
 Ad-Hoc Networks: A collection of wireless
mobile nodes that self-configure to form a
network (data rate + range). No fixed
infrastructure is required. Any two nodes
can communicate with each other. High
capacity link are useful for scalability and
multimedia services.
 Wi-MAX 802.16e:
• Non line of site, up to 4-6 mbps per user
for a few km
• 2.5 GHz (US) and 3.5 GHz licensed bands
• Channel bandwidth from 1.25 to 20 MHz
• QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation
• OFDMA access (orthogonal uplink)
• TDD for asymmetric traffic and flexible BW
allocation
• Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS): spatial
diversity, spatial multiplexing using MIMO
(2x2)
A 2x2 MIMO Configuration in
802.16e

• Increasing spectral efficiency (bps/Hz)

• Downlink – higher capacity and user peak
rates
• Uplink – higher capacity only
 MIMO in RFID:

• Increasing read reliability using space

diversity
• Increasing read range and read throughput
• Full channel information at the reader
comes for free (tag backscatter)
 MIMO in Smart Homes:
• MIMO delivers whole home coverage with
the speed and reliability to stream
multimedia applications
• MIMO can reliably connect cabled video
devices, computer networking devices,
broadband connections, phone lines,
music, storage devices, etc.
• MIMO is interoperable and can leverage
the installed based of 802.11 wireless that
is already deployed: computers, PDAs,
handheld gaming devices, cameras, VoIP
Phones, etc.
Advantages of MIMO Systems
 Diversity decreases the fading and increases
coverage and improves QoS
 Multiplexing increases capacity and spectral
efficiency with no additional power or
bandwidth expenditure
 Allows large number of users
 Higher Data rates
 Lower Bit Error Rate
 Improved reliability and coverage
 Disadvantages of MIMO
Systems
 Hardware complexity:
• Each antenna needs a radio-frequency (RF)
unit
• Powerful digital signal processing (DSP) unit
required
 Software complexity:

• Most signal processing algorithms are

computationally intensive
 Power consumption:

• Battery lifetime of mobile devices

• Thermal problems
 Conclusions

 The next generation WLAN uses MIMO technology

 It is menu of options, which can make

interoperability difficult to achieve. (depending on

cost and usage)
 Power saving is very critical in MIMO.

 The beauty of MIMO is it has every option to suit all

scenarios.
 Diversity MIMO technology

 Extends range of existing data rates by transmit and

receive diversities

 Spatial-multiplexing MIMO technology

 Increases data rates by transmitting parallel data streams
 Conclusions
 MIMO Systems are getting us closer to the
1Gbps landmark
 At the same time, they provide reliable
communications
 MIMO introduces diversity & multiplexing
 4G (LTE) uses MIMO technology
 Base for implementing next G-network
Queries?