Aksum Institute

of Technology

Faculty of Mechanical
and Industrial
Engineering

Industrial Oil Hydraulics and Pneumatics

Training for ALTEX.
BY G/MICHAEL G/MARIAM
September, 2013 E.C
 Content
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a c s l v t o t s
s i c l i V a u a e n
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B d r t r o A p o
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H C o n u li C o m c
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☞ H i l i
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 Control valves
One of the most important considerations
in any fluid power system is control. Fluid
power is controlled primarily through the
use of control devices called VALVES.
If control components are not properly
selected, the entire system will not
function as required.
The selection of these control
components not only involves the type,
but also the size, the actuating method
and remote control capability.
 Figure shows internal operation of valves.
 To extend the ram, ports P and B are connected to deliver fluid and
ports A and T connected to return fluid.
To retract the ram, ports P and A are connected to deliver fluid and
ports B and T to return fluid.
 Control valves
Three basic types of control devices:
Direction Control Valves (control the
fluid path)
Control the direction of flow of the hydraulic fluid to
different lines in the circuit.
Check Valves
Shuttle Valves
2-Way, 3-Way, 4-Way DCV
Pressure Control Valves (protect
system)
Control the pressure in different segments in the circuit.
Flow Control Valves (speed control)
Control the amount of fluid flow in the circuit.
 Direction Control Valves
1. CHECK VALVE
/Non-return valve
The simplest type
of DCV which is a
two way valve
b/se it contains
two ports.
Its purpose is to
permit free flow in
one direction &
prevent any flow
in other direction. Symbolic Representatio
Cont…
 Cont…
The second type of check valve is Pilot
operated check valve
Pilot check valves are frequently used for
locking hydraulic cylinders in position.

Symbol
representa
tion
 2. Shuttle Valve
 Shuttle valves are common for
pneumatics and little use in hydraulic
system.
 A shuttle valve has two fluid inlets
‘P1’ and ‘P2’ and one fluid outlet ‘A’.
 When compressed fluid enters
through ‘P1’, the sphere will seal and
block the other inlet ‘P2’.
 Fluid can then flow from ‘P1’ to ‘A’.
 When the contrary happens, the
sphere will block inlet ‘P1’, allowing
fluid to flow from ‘P2’ to ‘A’ only.
Symbolic representatio
 3. Spool valves
The spool valve consists of a spool which is
a cylindrical member that has large-
diameter lands machined to slide in a very
close- fitting bore of the valve body.

2/2 DCV
Two way
valve
 DCV: Ways or Ports
Two-Way Valves
Used to direct pump flow to either
of two paths of circuit.(Single acting
cylinder)
Three -Way Valves – which contain
three ports are typically of spool design
rather than poppet design. (Single acting
cylinder)
Four-Way Valves
Used to control double acting hydraulic
cylinders
 The number of ports in a DCV is identified by the
 DCV: Positions
• Common types of directional control
valves include 2/2, 3/2, 4/2,4/3, etc.
• The first number represents the number
of ports; the second number represents
the 4/3
number of positions. 4/2
Two
positions
(extend or
retract)

Three positions (extend, off

or retract)
Three -Way Valves(3/2 DCV)

Three way,
two position,
manually
operated
spring return
Symb
ol

3/2 DCV
 4/2 DCV(4 way 2 position
DCV)
Four way valves have
four connections to the
circuit. The designations
P for pressure, T for
tank, and A and B for
ports on either end of
the cylinder are
commonly used on four-
way valves.

Symbol for 4/2 DCV

4 way 3 position(4/3) open centered DCV

Symbol for
open
centered 4/3
way DCV
4/3 Closed center DCV

Symbol for closed

center 4/3 DCV
4/3 Tandem centered DCV: mid position

Symbol for 4/3 Tandem

 Regenerative center 4/3 DCV

ymbol for regenerative center 4/3 DCV

 Directional control valve
Method of Actuation

Manually
 Push button
 Lever
 Pedal
Mechanically
 Spring
 Ball and Cam
Using pilot pressure
 Air (pneumatic)
 Oil (hydraulic)
Using Electrical Solenoid
 Directional Control Valve
Manually actuated, spring centered,3-position,4-way
valve (Hand lever)
 Direction Control Valves
 Two-position, spring-offset, four-way valve
 Direction Control Valves
 Mechanically actuated 4-way valve, 2 position,
spring offset valve
 (Cam driven roller mechanism)
 Direction Control
Valves
 Air pilot-actuated, four-way ,3 position, spring
centered valve
 Direction Control Valves

 Operation of Solenoid to shift Spool

 Direction Control Valves

Solenoid actuated, 3 position, 4 way,

spring centered, Direction Control
Valve
Pressure Control Valves
Main function of pressure control valve is
ensuring the control of pressure.
Pressure regulating: maintaining a
constant pressure in a system.
Pressure switching: apart from a definite
control function they also perform a
switching action.
Usually named for their primary function as
Pressure relief valve,
unloading valve,
Sequence valve
counter balance valves,

 Pressure Relief
• It is normally a
closed valve Valve
whose function is
to limit the
pressure to a
specified
maximum value by
diverting pump
flow back to the
tank.

Pump
Symbol ( When Pressure here is
less than the valve
setting, the valve is
closed )
Unloading valve
An unloading valve
is used to permit a
pump to operate at
minimum load.
The unloading valve
is normally closed
valve with the spool
closing the tank port.
It operates on the
principle that pump
delivery is diverted to
the tank, when
sufficient pilot
pressure is applied to
move the spool
against the spring
force.
The valve is held symbol
open by pilot
pressure until the
 valve
A sequence valve’s
primary function is
to divert flow in a
predetermined
sequence.
 It is a pressure-
actuated valve
similar in
construction to a
relief valve and
normally a closed
valve.
The sequence valve
operates on the
principle that when
main system
pressure overcomes
the spring setting, symbol
the valve spool
moves up allowing
Counterbalance Valve:
A Counterbalance valve is
used to maintain back
pressure to prevent a load
from failing. One can find
application in vertical
presses, lift trucks, loaders
and other machine tool
that must position or hold
suspended loads.

symb
Direct operated Pilot operated
Counter balance valve Counter balance
valve
Pressure Reducing
Valve:
Pressure reducing
valve is used to limit
its outlet pressure.
Reducing valves are
used for the operation
of branch circuits,
where pressure may
vary from the main
system pressures.

symbol
 Flow Control Valves
Main function of flow control valve is to
regulate the actuators depending on flow
rates.
A flow control valve is formed by a non-
return valve and a variable throttle.
 Flow control valve types

(b). Butterfly valve

a). Plug or glove valve

(c). Ball valve

 Hydraulic Actuators

☞ HYDRAULIC
CYLINDERS
☞ HYDRAULIC MOTORS
 What is
actuator?
One of the outstanding features of fluid
power systems is that force generated
by the power supply, controlled and
directed by suitable valving, and
transported by lines, can be
converted with ease to almost any
kind of mechanical motion desired
at the very place it is needed.
An actuator is a device that
converts fluid power into
mechanical force and motion.
 Types of actuators
LinearHydraulic Actuators
(Hydraulic Cylinders)
Rotary Actuators
(hydraulic motors)
Gear motor
Vane motor
 Hydraulic CYLINDERS
A hydraulic cylinder is a device that
converts
fluid power to linear, or straight line,
Piston
Sealforce and Piston Rod

motion. Extension

Retraction

Barrel

Port Push Action Oil to extend

Return by External Force Graphic Symbol
 Single Acting Hydraulic Cylinders
Push Action Oil to extend, Spring for Pull Action Oil to retract, Spring to
return extend
 Double Acting Hydraulic Cylinders

Piston Seal Piston Rod

Extension

Retraction

Rod Seal
Barrel

Port A Port B

Oil to extend. Oil for Return

Graphic Symbol
 Double Ended Piston Rod Double Acting Cylinder

Piston Seal Piston Rod

Rod Seal Rod Seal

Barrel

Port A Port B

Oil to extend. Oil for Return

Graphic Symbol
Mechanical linkages
 Cylinder Force, Velocity and Power

Piston Rod
 Extension Stroke
Fext  p Ab
vext Qin Ab
P  Fext vext  p Qin
 Retraction Stroke Port Port

Fret  p Ab  Ar 
vret Qin Ab  Ar 
P vret Fret  p Qin
Ab
Ar
Hydraulic cylinders (Symbols)
Cont…
 Rotary Actuators (hydraulic motors)

A hydraulic motor is a device that

converts fluid power
energy/pressure energy to rotary
motion and force.
The function of a hydraulic motor is
opposite to that of a pump.
However, the design and operation of
fluid power motors are very similar to
pumps.
 Hydraulic Motors

Hydraulic
motors extract
energy from a
fluid and
convert it to
mechanical
energy to
perform useful
work.
Limited rotation
type
Continuous
rotation type
 Gear type hydraulic motor
A gear motor develops
torque due to hydraulic
pressure acting on the
surfaces of the gear teeth.
The direction of rotation
of the motor can be
reversed by reversing the
direction of flow.

As fluid under pressure enters chamber A, it takes the path of

least resistance and flows around the inside surface of the housing,
forcing the gears to rotate as indicated.
The flow continues through the outlet port to the return.
This rotary motion of the gears is transmitted through the
attached shaft to the work unit.
Vane type hydraulic motor

 Vane motors
develop torque by the
hydraulic pressure
acting on the exposed
surfaces of the vanes,
which slide in and out
of the rotor connected
to the drive shaft.
As the rotor
revolves, the vanes
follow the surface of
the cam ring b/se
springs are used to
force the vanes
Rotary actuator symbols
Cntd….
 Auxiliary hydraulic components
Accumulator:- Is a device that stores the
potential energy of an incompressible fluid
held under pressure by an external source
against some dynamic force. This dynamic
force can come from different sources.
The stored potential energy in the accumulator
is a quick secondary source of fluid power
capable of doing useful work.
Cont…
Flow control valve