Scribd
Upload
10 views

File1 (C II)

Uploaded by

amanto815
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

File1 (C II)

Uploaded by

amanto815
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

CALCULUS-

II

Dr. Zaheer Asghar


Associate Professor
Center for Mathematical Sciences
Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics
PIEAS, Islamabad
[email protected]
1
PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIATION
Functions of Several Variables
Definition:

Suppose D is a set of n-tuples of real numbers . A

real-valued function on D is a rule that assigns a unique (single)

real number

to each element in D. The set D is the function’s domain. The set

of -values taken on by is the function’s range. The symbol is the

dependent variable of , and is said to be a function of the

independent variables to . We also call the ’s the function’s

input variables and call the function’s output variable.


An arrow diagram for the function .
1) Functions of two variables

2) Functions of Three variables


Boundary and Interior points:
A point in a region (set) in the plane is an interior point of if it
is the center of a disk of positive radius that lies entirely in . A
point is a boundary point of if every disk centered at contains
points that lie outside of R as well as points that lie in R. (The
boundary point itself need not belong to .)
The interior points of a region, as a set, make up the interior of
the region. The region’s boundary points make up its boundary.
A region is open if it consists entirely of interior points. A region
is closed if it contains all its boundary points
7
Definition:
A region in the plane is bounded if it lies inside a disk of finite
radius. A region is unbounded if it is not bounded.

Bounded Sets Unbounded Sets

line segments, triangles, lines, coordinate axes, the


interiors of triangles, graphs of functions defined
rectangles, circles, and on infinite intervals,
disks quadrants, half-planes, and
the plane itself
Example:
Describe the domain of the function
Solution:
Since is defined only where , the domain is closed,
unbounded region shown in Figure. The parabola is the
boundary of the domain. The points above the parabola make
up the domain’s interior.
Graphs, Level Curves, and
Contours
of
Functions of Two Variables
Level Curve
The set of points in the plane where a function has a constant value
is called a level curve of . The set of all points in space, for in the
domain of is called the graph of . The graph of ƒ is also called the
surface .

Example:
Graph and plot
the level curves , , and
in the domain of ƒ in the plane.
Contour

The curve in space in which the plane


cuts a surface is made up of the
points that represent the function value
. It is called the contour curve
to distinguish it from the level
curve in the domain of .
See Figure
Functions of Three
Variables
Definition:
The set of points in space where a function of three independent
variables has a constant value is called a level surface of .

Example: Describe the level surfaces of the function


Reference: R. Teh, B. L. Ng, K. M. Wong, 2014, Electrically charged
one-and-a-half monopole solution, Europeon Physical Journal C,
2D wave function contour and
surface plot

You might also like