ANGLO-EASTERN MARITIME ACADEMY

UD11P5102 Unit 1:
Computer Lab Basic Hardware Familiarization

MARITIME ACADEMY
 Syllabus
 Explain types of input devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Pen, Touch Screen, Scanners), Output Devices (Monitor, Printer,
Speakers, Projectors) And Storage Devices (Hard Disks, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, USB Storage). Operate Computer
and its peripherals.
 Booting the computer. Common start-up errors and their remedies. Connecting peripherals – Keyboard, Mouse,
Monitor, Power cables, UPS to the computer and checking all connections. Demonstrate the procedure for the
installation of setting up a new computer along with other peripherals (keyboard, scanner, printer).
 Demonstrate keyboard layout and function of different keys.
 Demonstrate power shutdown of the PC and explain precautions to avoid an improper shutdown.
 Identifying the different hardware parts in the PC.
 Determining the configuration of the PC.
 Explain types of Central Processing Units (Processors, RAM, ROM).
 Demonstrate procedure for installation/ replacement/ Maintenance. Procedures for hard disk and other peripherals.
 Explain the need for keeping a backup of all data on ships.
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Computer System

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 Computer Definition
 A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It can store,
retrieve, and process data.
 Definition of Computers as per IT ACT 2000:
• “Computer” means any electronic, magnetic, optical or other high-speed data processing
device or system which performs logical, arithmetic, and memory functions by manipulations
of electronic, magnetic or optical im- pulses, and includes all input, output, processing,
storage, computer software, or communication facilities which are connected or related to
the computer in a computer system or computer network;
 Basic Components of Computers:
• Input unit, Output unit, Storage/ memory unit, Central Processing unit, Arithmetic & Logic
unit, Control unit.

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 Peripheral Devices
 A peripheral device is an internal or external device that connects directly to a computer
or other digital device but does not contribute to the computer’s primary function, such as
computing.
 Peripherals connect to a computer to expand its capabilities.
 Peripheral types:
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Other peripherals
Example - Hard drives, Media card Readers

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Connecting Peripherals

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Input and Output Devices

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 Input Devices
 In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control
signals to an information processing system, such as a computer or information appliance.

An input unit performs the following functions:

• It accepts (or reads) the list of instructions and
data from the outside world.
• It converts these instructions and data into
computer-acceptable format.
• It supplies the converted instructions and data to
the computer system for further processing.

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 Output Devices
 An output device is any piece of computer hardware that converts information/DATA into a
human-perceptible form or, historically, into a physical machine-readable form for use with
other non-computerized equipment.
An output unit performs the following
functions:
• It accepts the results produced by the computer
which are in coded form and hence cannot be
easily understood by us.
• It converts these coded results to human-
acceptable (readable) form.
• It supplied the converted results to the outside
world.
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 Storage Devices
 A storage device is an integral part of the computer hardware which stores
information/data to process the result of any computational work.

The specific functions of the storage unit are

to store:
• All the data to be processed and the instructions
required for processing (received from input
devices).
• Intermediate results of processing.
• Final results of processing before these results
are released to an output device.

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 Booting the computer
 Booting is a process of switching on the computer and starting the operating system.
 Six steps of the booting process are –
• BIOS and Setup Program
• The Power- On-Self-Test (POST)
• The Operating system Loads
• System Configuration
• System Utility Loads
• Users Authentication
 There are two types of boots:
• Cold or Hard Booting – The Computer is started from its initial state by pressing the power button.
• Warm or Soft Booting – It refers to when we restart (CTRL+ALT+DELETE) the computer.
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 Common Start-up Errors and Their Remedies
 Computer startup errors can occur for various reasons, ranging from hardware issues to
software problems.
 Here are some common startup errors:
• Blue Screen of Death (BSOD)
• Operating System Not Found
• Disk Boot Failure
• NTLDR is Missing
• Error Loading Operating System
• CMOS Battery Failure
• Black Screen with Cursor

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 Blue Screen of Death
 The blue screen of death can be caused by any problem that causes Windows to stop running
safely.
 The BSOD can be triggered by software problems, such as incompatible driver updates, or
hardware problems, like a hard drive that needs formatting or overheating caused by
overclocking your CPU
Blue Screen of Death (BSOD):
• Cause: Hardware or driver issues,
corrupted system files.
• Solution: Update drivers, check for
hardware issues, and run a system file
checker (sfc).

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 Operating System Not Found
 This issue may occur if one or more of the following conditions are true:
• The basic input/output system (BIOS) does not detect the hard disk.
• The hard disk is damaged. Sector 0 of the physical hard disk drive has an incorrect or
malformed master boot record (MBR).
Operating System not Found:
• Cause: Missing or corrupted bootloader,
faulty hard drive, or improper boot order.
• Solution: Check the boot order in
BIOS/UEFI settings, repair the bootloader,
or replace the hard drive if necessary.

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 Disk Boot Failure
 The disk boot failure appears when there is no boot device found. There are few common
possible causes:

Disk Boot Failure causes & solution:

Cause Solution

Incorrect Boot Order in Change BIOS Boot Order

BIOS
Damaged operating system Repair Corrupted Operating
System
Corrupted system disk Run chkdsk to Fix the
Damaged System Disk
Improper new hard drive Run Windows Boot Repair
configuration Tool

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 NTLDR is Missing
 NTLDR (abbreviation of NT loader) is the boot loader for all releases of Windows NT
(Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system produced by Microsoft as part of
its Windows product line) operating system from 1993.
NTLDR is missing:
• Cause: your computer is trying to boot
from a hard drive or flash drive that isn't
properly configured to be booted from.
• Solution: Copy the Ntldr file, the
Ntdetect.com file, and the Boot. ini file from
the boot disk to the system partition of the
local hard disk.

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 Error Loading Operating System
 Due to disk write errors, virus attacks, or power outages, the system partition may become
corrupted. This can result in an "Error loading operating system" problem.

Error Loading Operating System:

• Cause:
• Problem with the boot sector or the
master boot record (MBR) of your
computer's hard drive.
• incorrect BIOS settings
• Solution: Run CHKDSK to check and
repair hard disk partition errors.

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 CMOS Battery Failure
 The most common symptoms of CMOS battery failure are incorrect or slow system date
and time in the BIOS, loss of BIOS settings when the computer is powered off, the time-of-
day clock stopped error message and so on.

Error Loading Operating System:

• Cause: A CMOS checksum error occurs
when the computer's BIOS memory is
corrupted/ dead.
• Solution: Replace the CMOS battery.

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 Black Screen with Cursor
 The black screen with the cursor is most likely caused by an update or an incompatible
application.

Black of Screen with the Cursor:

• Cause: an update or an incompatible
application.
• Solution: Rebooting your graphics driver
(Win+Ctrl+Shift+B) at the time of issue.

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 Keyboard Layout and Function of Different Keys
 There are several keyboard layouts designed to accommodate different languages, regions, and user
preferences. Here are some notable ones:
 QWERTY Layout:
• The most common keyboard layout, named after the first six letters in the top row.
• Widely used in English-speaking countries and many other languages.
 QWERTZ Layout:
• Used in German-speaking countries and several Central European languages.
• Like QWERTY but with a different arrangement of some characters.
 AZERTY Layout:
• Commonly used in French-speaking countries.
• Named after the first six letters in the top row.
 Devanagari (Hindi) Inscript Layout:
• Designed for typing in Hindi script on computers.
• Includes key mappings for various Hindi characters.
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 QWERTY Keyboard Layout
 QWERTY is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets.
 The QWERTY design is based on a layout included in the Sholes and Glidden typewriter
sold to E. Remington and Sons in 1873.

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 QWERTZ Keyboard Layout
 Commonly used in Germany.
 Alphabet Y is swapped with Z.
 QWERTZ keyboard has the letters ö, ü, ä and ß on it.

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 AZERTY Keyboard Layout
 A keyboard layout used in France and neighbouring countries.
 AZERTY is like the QWERTY layout, except that Q and A are swapped, Z and W are
swapped, and M is in the middle row instead of the bottom one.

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 Devanagari (QWERTY) Keyboard Layout
 The Devanāgarī-QWERTY keyboard layout is designed to ease the process of typing in
the Devanāgarī script for those using Roman-alphabet.
 Install the Hindi language pack, go to Settings > Time & Language > Keyboard > Add a
keyboard > Hindi (Devanagari - QWERTY).

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 Function of Some Important Keys
 Here's a brief explanation of some important keys and their functions:
 Esc (Escape): Typically used to exit or cancel the current operation.
 Function keys (F1-F12): Used for various functions depending on the software or operating system.
 Print Screen (PrtSc): Captures the current screen or window and copies it to the clipboard.
 Tab: Used for indentation in documents and to navigate between fields in forms.
 Caps Lock: Toggles between uppercase and lowercase letters.
 Shift: Used in combination with other keys to type uppercase letters and access additional characters.
 Ctrl (Control): Used in combination with other keys for keyboard shortcuts.
 Windows key (Win): Opens the Start menu on Windows systems.
 Alt: Used in combination with other keys for alternative functions or shortcuts.
 Spacebar: Inserts a space between words.
 Enter: Used to confirm a command or move to the next line in a document.
 Backspace: Deletes the character to the left of the cursor.
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How to Shutdown a Computer

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 Improper Shutdown
 Improper/ forceful shutdown, not only affects the software but, also the other features of the computer.
 Computers should be shut down improperly/ forcibly only when there are no other options available, such
as in the case of computer freezing.
 Impacts of Improper Shutdown:
• Impact on software: Any applications or processes that were running at the time of shutdown also will be
interrupted and any files that were not saved will be lost.
• Impact on registry files: They cease operation while they are performing a function.
• Impact on hard drive: Hard drives may get corrupted because, the read and write heads will have been in
the middle of a process, meaning that they will be rotating at high speed.
• Impact on system restore: The system restore process may be interrupted.
• Impact on Hardware: Hardware will only be affected if it is in use.

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Different Hardware Parts in Computer

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 Determining the Configuration of the PC.
 To check your PC hardware specs, click the Windows Start button > Settings > System > About.

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 Processor (CPU)
 CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.
 Brain (primary component) of the computer, executing instructions from software.
 Performs calculations and manages other components (such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and
input/ output (I/O) operations).
 Key Features:
• Cores: Multiple cores handle multiple tasks simultaneously (more = better multitasking).
• Clock speed: Cycles per second (GHz), higher = faster processing (but higher power consumption).
• Cache: Faster memory near the CPU core for frequently used data (improves performance).
• Integrated Graphics: Some CPUs have built-in graphics for basic tasks.

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 Types of Central Processing Units
 Central Processing Units (CPUs) come in various shapes and sizes, each with its strengths and
weaknesses. Here's a breakdown of some common types:
 By Core Count:
• Single-core: The original and simplest type. Handles one task at a time, making them less suited for
demanding applications.
• Dual-core: Two cores on a single chip, allowing for multitasking and basic performance boosts. Good for
everyday tasks like browsing and document editing.
• Quad-core: Four cores, offering more significant performance gains for multitasking and moderate workloads.
Popular for most home computers and laptops.
• Hexa-core/Octa-core: Six or eight cores, respectively, ideal for demanding tasks like video editing, gaming,
and professional applications.
• Deca-core/More: Higher core counts cater to high-performance workstations and servers, handling complex
tasks with ease.
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 Types of Central Processing Units
 By Architecture:
• 32-bit: Older architecture, limited to processing data in 32-bit chunks. Most modern CPUs are 64-bit, offering
significantly larger addressable memory and improved performance.
• 64-bit: Can handle larger data chunks, enabling faster processing and support for more memory.
 By Manufacturer:
• Intel: A leading CPU manufacturer known for their Core series (i3, i5, i7, ….) with various performance tiers.
• AMD: Another major player, offering Ryzen series CPUs that compete well with Intel in terms of performance
and value.
 Other Factors:
• Clock speed: Measured in GHz, indicates how many cycles a CPU can perform per second.
• Cache: Memory close to the CPU core for faster access to frequently used data, improving performance.
• Integrated Graphics: Some CPUs have built-in graphics capabilities.
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 Primary vs Secondary Memory
Feature Primary Memory Secondary Memory
Purpose Holds currently used data and Stores data and programs for long-term.
instructions for the CPU.
Other names Main memory, Internal memory. External memory, Auxiliary memory.

Accessibility Directly accessible. Not directly accessible.

by CPU
Volatility Can be volatile (RAM) as well as non- Always non-volatile.
volatile (ROM)
Speed Faster Slower

Cost More expensive Less expensive

Capacity Smaller capacity Larger capacity

Examples RAM, ROM, Cache memory HDD, SSD, USB flash drives, Optical discs

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 RAM vs ROM
Feature RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)
Nature Volatile - Loses data when power is Non-volatile - Retains data even without
removed. power.
Function Temporary storage for data and program Permanent storage for firmware and
files. software.
Read/Write Read and write operations are possible. Generally, read-only, write operations are
Access limited.
Modification Can be modified and updated during Typically, read-only, with limited or no
use. modification during normal operation.
Speed Faster Slower

Cost Generally, more affordable. Often more expensive on a per-byte basis.

Types DRAM (Dynamic RAM), SRAM (Static PROM (Programmable ROM), EPROM
RAM), etc. (Erasable PROM), EEPROM (Electrically
Erasable PROM), etc.

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 Maintaining and Troubleshooting Peripherals
 The procedures for maintaining and troubleshooting hard disks and other peripherals can help
ensure the longevity and optimal performance of your computer system.
 For Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid-State Drives (SSDs).
• Regular Backups: Schedule regular backups of your important data. Use external drives, cloud storage, or
backup software to ensure data recovery in case of a hard drive failure.
• Disk Cleanup: Perform disk cleanup to remove unnecessary files and free up storage space. Use the built-in
tools on your operating system or third-party applications.
• Disk Defragmentation (for HDDs): If you have a traditional HDD, consider running periodic disk
defragmentation to optimize file placement on the disk and improve access times.
• Check for Disk Errors: Use built-in disk-checking tools to scan for and fix disk errors. For example, on
Windows, you can use the CHKDSK command.
• Handle with Care: Avoid physical shocks, drops, or abrupt movements that can damage the hard drive.
Handle external drives carefully, and ensure your computer is on a stable surface.
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 Maintaining and Troubleshooting Peripherals
 For Other Peripherals (e.g., Printers, Scanners, External Drives):
• Update Drivers: Regularly check for and update the drivers for your peripherals. Manufacturers often release
driver updates to improve compatibility and fix issues.
• Verify Connections: Ensure all cables and connections are secure. Loose or damaged cables can lead to
connection problems and performance issues.
• Firmware Updates: Check for firmware updates for your peripherals. Firmware updates can introduce new
features, improve performance, and fix bugs.
• Configure Power Settings: Adjust power settings for peripherals. For example, set printers to sleep mode
after a certain period of inactivity.
• Replace Consumables: Replace consumables like ink cartridges, toners, or printer rollers according to the
manufacturer's guidelines.
• Security Software: Protect your peripherals from malware by using security software. Printers and other
devices with network capabilities should have proper security settings.

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 The Need for Keeping a Backup
 Keeping a backup is crucial, regardless of the nature of your job or location. The key reasons:
 Prevents Data Loss:
• Hardware Failure: Hard drives, SSDs, and other storage devices can fail unexpectedly. Backups
ensure you don't lose everything.
• Accidental Deletion: Mistakes happen – accidental deletion of important files is all too common.
Backups provide a safety net.
• Software Corruption: Malware attacks or software glitches can corrupt data. Backups offer a clean
copy for restoration.
• Ransomware: Ransomware encrypts your data, demanding payment for decryption. Backups give
you leverage to avoid paying.
• Version Control: Backups allow you to revert to previous versions of files if needed.

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 The Need for Keeping a Backup
 Saves Time and Money:
• Faster Recovery: Recovering from backups is often faster than trying to repair corrupted data or
starting from scratch.
• Avoids Downtime: Businesses relying on digital data face financial losses during downtime due to
data loss. Backups minimize downtime.
• Reduces Stress: Knowing your data is safe provides peace of mind and reduces stress caused by
potential loss.
 Enhances Security:
• Protects Against Cyberattacks: Backups stored offsite (e.g., cloud storage) offer protection even if
your primary system is compromised.
• Compliance: Many regulations require data backups for compliance purposes.
 Remember the 3-2-1 Rule: Back up your data to at least 3 different locations, on 2 different
media types, with 1 copy offsite for ultimate protection.
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Thank You

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