Computer in Education

ITEC 106

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Education
Department of Computer Education and
Instructional Technology Teacher Education
 Today Topics

 History of Computer
 History of Computers in Education
 Some terms
 Computer Assisted Instruction
 Use of Computers in Instruction
 Instructional Methodologies and S/W
 Selection of Instructional software

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 History of Computers
 1943
 ENIAC was constructed, finished in
1946, and turned off in 1955 for the
last time.
 1945
 the term “bug” was coined by Grace
Hooper when programming Mark II
 1949
 Claude Shannon builds the first
machine that plays chess at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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 History of Computers…

 1949
 The Harvard-MARK III, the first of the
MARK machines to use an internally
stored program and indirect
addressing, goes into operations
again under the direction of Howard
Aiken
 1950
 The first electronic computer is
created in Japan by Hideo Yamachito
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 History of Computers…

 1953
 A magnetic memory smaller and
faster than existing vacuum tube
memories is built at MIT
 1955
 Dartmouth College’s John McCarthy
coins the term "artificial intelligence."
 1963
 Doug Engelbart invents and patents
the first computer mouse
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 History of Computers…

 1967
 IBM creates the first floppy disk.
 1975
 Paul Allen and Bill Gates write the first
computer language program for
personal computers, which is a form
of BASIC designed for the Altair.
Gates later drops out of Harvard and
founds Microsoft with Allen.
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 History of Computers…

 1980
 IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to
create an operating system for a new
PC. The pair buy the rights to a simple
operating system manufactured by
Seattle Computer Products and use it
as a template. IBM allows the two to
keep the marketing rights to the
operating system, called DOS.

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 History of Computers…

 1990
 Tim Berners-Lee, working with Robert
Cailliau at CERN propose a 'hypertext'
system, which is the first start of the
Internet as we know it today.
 1997
 IBM’s Deep Blue computer defeats
world champion chess player Garry
Kasparov in their second six-game
showdown, winning the tie-breaking
game in only 62 minutes.
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 History of Computers in
Education
 Early use of computers in education are
primarily on the field of:
 mathematics
 science
 engineering

 Mathematical problem-solving tool

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 History of Computers in
Education…
 Early History, 1940s - 1970s
 when American researchers developed
flight simulators which used analog
computers to generate simulated
onboard instrument data.

 From these early attempts in the WWII

era through the mid 1970s,
instructional software was directly tied to
the hardware, usually mainframe
computers.
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 History of Computers in
Education…
 1959
 PLATO at University of Illinois
 by Donald Bitier
 first, large-scale project for the use of
computers in education
 enable computer-based instruction to
integrate text and graphics, and
provided instructors with one of the
first programming environment for
computer-based instruction -11-
 History of Computers in
Education…
 1963
 Patrick Suppes and Richard Atkinson
at Stanford
 establish a program of research and
development on CAI in math and
reading.
 develop an individualized,
instructional strategies that allowed
the learner to correct his responses
through rapid feedback.
 mastery is obtained through drill- -12-
 History of Computers in
Education…
 1970s
 researchers were looking for new
educational paradigms to take
advantage of the breakthrough in
computer technology.
 developed paradigm: ICAI
(intelligent CAI)

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 Some Terms
 Instructional software
 The application software serving for all
teaching and learning activity can be
thought as instructional software.

 Courseware
 Mainly focus on the teaching and learning
of a certain content.
 Courseware is a term that combines the
words 'course' with 'software'.
 The term's meaning and usage has
expanded and can refer to the entire
course and any additional material when
used in reference an online or 'computer
formatted' classroom. -14-
 Some Terms...

 Edutainment
 In a broader sense, the term edutainment
describes an intentional merger of
computer games and educational software
into a single product.

 In the narrower sense used here, the term

describes educational software which is
primarily about entertainment, but tends
to educate as well. Software of this kind is
not structured towards school curricula.
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Relationship among those term

Educational software

Learning
environment
Instructional software

Courseware Edutainment

Learning tools

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 Introduction to Computer Aided
Instruction
Terminology
Use of computer in education is referred by
many names such as
 Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
 Computer Aided Instruction (CAI)
 Computer Assisted Learning (CAL)
 Computer Based Education (CBE)
 Computer Based Instruction (CBI)
 Computer Enriched Instruction (CEI)
 Computer Managed Instruction (CMI)
 IAC: Instructional Applications of
Computers -17-
 CAI

 stands for Computer Aided Instruction

 an instructor-led, computer–based
teaching aid.
 the use of computer in the delivery of
instruction.
 the integration of software and
hardware in instruction

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 What is CAI ?
 A self-learning technique, usually offline/online,
involving interaction of the student with
programmed instructional materials.

 Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an

interactive instructional technique whereby a
computer is used to present the instructional
material and monitor the learning that takes place.

 CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound

and video in enhancing the learning process.

 CAI refers to the use of the computer as a tool to

facilitate and improve instruction. CAI programs
use tutorials, drill and practice, simulation, and
problem solving approaches to present topics and
they test the student's understanding. -19-
 Arguments in Using Computers
(Instruction)
 Pro
• Computers have endless supply of
energy
• Computers can be made available for
longer period of time vs. human
tutors
• Computers, when properly
programmed, are faster and more
accurate than human instructors
• Computers are capable of giving -20-

endlessly changing list of examples.

 Arguments in Using Computers
(Instruction)…
 Against
 computer instruction programs are
notoriously poor in anticipating a
students individual needs.
 computer instruction programs are
often more than rote exercises having
scant educational values.
 computer instruction programs have
been very poor at adapting to the
students changing abilities, and have
locked the student into relatively rigid
mode of instructions. -21-
 Use of Computers in Academe

 As Tools
 As Assistants
 As Teachers

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 Computers as Tools

 General purpose:
 To automate tasks
 Word processors
 MS Word, Notepad, Wordpad, etc.
 Spreadsheets
 MS Excel, Lotus 123, etc.
 Presentation Applications
 MS Powerpoint, etc.

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 Computers as Assistants

 General purpose:
 For Assessment, Remediation, and
Reinforcement

 Applications
 Drills
 Instructional games
 Simulations

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 Computers as Teachers

 General purpose:
 for Instruction, Remediation, and
Assessment

 Implementations:
 CAI
 ICAI
 Tutorials
 Simulations
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 Advantages of CAI

 Interactive
 Provides immediate feedback
 Motivates learners
 Provides consistency in presentation
 Can adjust difficulty to the level of the
learner

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 Advantages of CAI

 Can present concepts or processes

dynamically and using multiple forms
of representation

 Can maintain records of student

performance

 Can accommodate large number of

learners.
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 Limitations of CAI

 Repeated instruction.
 Distribution.
 Equipment and software can be
costly.
 Development takes time and money.
 Lack of “personal touch”.

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 Development Tools

 Programming Languages
 Relatively inexpensive
 Powerful and flexible
 Difficult to learn and use
 Ex: Pascal, C, Java, Visual Basic, etc.

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 Development Tools

 Multimedia/Hypermedia tools
 Relatively easy to learn and use
 Relatively powerful and flexible
 Moderately priced
 Ex: HTML, Flash, etc.

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 Development Tools

 Authoring Tools
 Relatively easy to learn and use
 Powerful and flexible
 Expensive
 Ex: Macromedia Authorware,
IconAuthor, Quest, Pathware

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 Expository Model of Instruction

 According to that model (EMI), for

instruction to be effective the following
four phases should be present:

 Presenting information
 Guiding the student
 Practicing by the student
 Assessing student learning

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 Expository Model of Instruction

 Presentation of Information
 “to teach something new, the
instructor must first present
information”
 The instructor will perform the skills
so that the students can imitate
 methods: Examples
 instructor-centered

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Expository Model of Instruction

 Guidance
 interactive tutorial
 Student performs under guidance of
teacher
 answers questions about factual
info
 apply rules and principles in
problem-solving activities
 practice procedural skills
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 Expository Model of Instruction

 Guidance
 the instructor observes the student,
correct errors, and give suggestions
or hints

 Guided discovery is part of the

guidance phase of instruction

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 Expository Model of Instruction

 Practice
 learner-centered
 Instructor observes and corrects the
student, but emphasis is on the
student practicing and the instructor
making only short corrective
statements.

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 Expository Model of Instruction

 Practice
 Fluency, speed and practice
 method: use of workbooks
(arithmetic), flashcards (foreign-
language instruction)

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 Expository Model of Instruction

 Assessment
 level of learning
 quality of teaching
 future instructional needs
 method: tests

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Instructional Methodologies and
S/W

 Tutorials
 Drills
 Simulations
 Instructional Games
 Tests
 We will talk these and others next
weeks

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Instructional Methodologies and
S/W…

 Tutorials
 teach new materials
 typically they present information
and then question the user to
ascertain the level of learning
achieved
 able to monitor the student's
progress and to present remedial
or advanced levels if and when
required -40-
Instructional Methodologies and
S/W…

 Drills
 typically deals with material that
has already been taught
 the student is presented with a
task, often selected randomly, and
feedback is offered immediately
 able to keep pace with the student
by offering remedial or advanced
level if and when they become
necessary -41-
Instructional Methodologies and
S/W…
 Educational Games
 may be tutorial/drill and
practice/simulation with game
elements added
 learning elements are hidden

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Instructional Methodologies and
S/W…
 Simulations
 may be used to present information
and guide the learner, to guide and
drill, to do all three, or to test the
student’s knowledge.
 in here, the student learns by
actually performing the activities to
be learned in a context that is similar
to the real world.

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Instructional Methodologies and
S/W…
 Tests
 assessed the level of learning
 use for a variety of purpose:
 Determine what a student knows
and does not know;
 Rank ordering of students in terms
of performance;
 Assigning grades; etc.

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Instructional Methodologies and
S/W…
 Tests
 Can take the form of an informal quiz
or a strictly monitored examination
where admission is by reservation
only.

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 Major Types

 Classification by relation with educational

content

Quiry Problem solving

Individual instruction
LOGO
Micro world
Drill-and-practice
Excel
Cast study
Testing Word
Simulation and game E book

Dependent of Relate with content Independent of content

content

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 Select Instructional software
 STEP 1. Get Clear on using context:
ANALYZE NEEDS and user
 Needs & Goals.
 Objectives.
 Specify requirement.

Step 2. Looking for Instructional

software in resource library

Step 3. Review all found software

based on the Context getting in
Step 1
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 Select Instructional software

 Step 4. Compare the selected

educational software
Select the most desirable software
after a systematic evaluation of all
alternatives in terms of educational
objectives and constraints.

 Step 5. Trial the selected software

before using.

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Thank you for attention

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