BODY FLUIDS AND

CIRCULATION
BY
DESH DEEPAK PANDEY
CLASS-XI
K.V1,KALPAKKAM.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 Living organisms are made up of cells .
 This cells need oxygen and nutrients for their growth.
 These are supplied through circulatory system.
 In lower organisms like sponges and hydra circulation is through
water but in higher organisms it through blood and lymph.
 BLOOD COMPONENTS
 Plasma
 Formed Elements;
(a) Erythrocytes
(b) Leucocytes
(c) Thrombocytes
 It has 90_92% of water,6_8% of
proteins. There are 3 types of proteins.
 Fibrinogen –Helps in coagulation of
blood.
 Globulin-Involved in defense
mechanism.
 Albumin- Helps in osmotic balance.
 It has minerals.
 Plasma without fibrinogen is called
serum.
 ERYTHROCYTES
• Human RBC Is devoid
of nucleus
• Biconcave in shape.
• RBC contains
Hemoglobin.
• Life span is 120 days.
• Total count of RBC is 5-
5.5 millions/mm3
• Transport of respiratory
gases.
Leucocytes
 Colorless.
 Nucleated.
 Total count 6000 to
8000mm3.
 Short lived.
TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES
 Granulocytes

 Agranulocytes
 TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES
• Eosinophils;
• 2-3% of Leucocytes.
• Resist infections.
• Associated with
allergic reactions.
 NEUTROPHILS
• 60-65% of
Leucocytes.
• Phagocytic in nature.
 BASOPHIL
 It secretes
histomine,serotonin&
heparin.
 Involved in
inflammatory
reactions.
AGRANULOCYTE
S
 Lymphocytes; It forms
20-25 % of formed
element.
 It is of 2 types
 B-Lymphocytes &T-
Lymphocytes.
 Both are responsible
for immune responses
of the body.
Agranulocytes
 Monocytes;These are
phagocyte in nature.It
forms 6 –8% of formed
element.
BLOOD CLOTTING

 Thrombokinase
 Prothrombin Thrombin
 Calcium

 Fibrinogen Thrombin Fibrin



 Fibrin +Formed Elements Bloodclot

BLOOD GROUPING
Blood group Antigens Antibody DONATE
BLOOD TO

A A anti-B A,AB

B B anti-A B,AB

AB A,B -------- AB

O ------- Anti- ALL

A,B
 RH GROUPING
 Another surface antigen is also
present in RBC.
 This surface antigen was first
reported in Rhesus Monkey. So it is
called Rhesus factor or RH factor.
 80% of people are Rh+ve ,they have
Rh factor.
 RH INCOMPATIBILIITY
 FEMALE * MALE
 Rh-ve Rh+ve

Anti Rh
antibody FOETUS
(Rh+ve) safe

At child birth
Destroy the
2nd foetus
Second
Foetus
 LYMPH
 As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some
water along with many small water soluble substances move
out into the spaces between the cells of tissues leaving the
larger proteins and most of the formed elements in the blood
vessels.
 This fluid released out is called the interstitial fluid or tissue
fluid.
 This fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the
lymph.
 It has lymphocytes.
 It is colourless.
 Fats are absorbed through lymph.
 CIRCULATORY PATHWAY
OPEN CIRCULATION Closed circulation
• In this blood pumped by the • In this blood is confined to
heart enters into the open the blood vessels.
spaces called sinuses.
• Blood flow is not regulated • Blood flow is regulated.
Structure of human heart
 It is located in thoracic
cavity in between 2
lungs.
 It is protected by
pericardium.
 It has 4 chambers (2
Atria& 2 ventricles)
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART

 Heart is made up of cardiac

muscle.
 Right auricle is separated
from Right ventricle by
means of a septum with 3
flaps called tricuspid valve.
 Left auricle is separated
from left ventricle by means
of a septum with 2flaps
called bicuspid valve/mitral
valve.
Fig. 42-4
Gill capillaries
Single Circulation

Bony fishes, rays, Artery Gill

and sharks have circulation
single circulation
with a two-
Ventricle
chambered heart
Heart
Atrium
In single
circulation, blood
leaving the heart Systemic
passes through two Vein circulation
capillary beds
before returning

Systemic capillaries
Double Circulation
 Amphibian, reptiles, and mammals have
double circulation
 Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are
pumped separately from the right and left sides
of the heart
 In reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood
flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up
oxygen through the lungs
 In amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows
through a pulmocutaneous circuit to pick up
oxygen through the lungs and skin
 Oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen through the
systemic circuit
 Double circulation maintains higher blood
pressure in the organs than does single
circulation
 Adaptations Frogs and other amphibians have a
three-chambered heart: two atria and one
ventricle
Amphibians Reptiles Mammals and Birds

Lung and skin capillaries The ventricle pumps blood into

Lung capillaries Lungacapillaries
forked
artery that splits the ventricle’s output into
the pulmocutaneous circuit and the system
Pulmocutaneous circuit
Right
systemic
Pulmonary Pulmonary
circuit circuit circuit
aorta

Underwater, blood flow to the lungs is

Atrium (A) Atrium (A) A A A
nearly shut off A
Ventricle (V) V V Left V V
Right Left Right Left systemic Right Left
Systemic aorta Systemic
circuit circuit

Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries

Conducting system of human
heart
 Cardiac cycle initiates from SA
node( Pace maker). It also maintains
the rhythm of heart beat.
 It is located in the right upper corner of
right atrium.
 From SA node the electrical impulses
reach the AV node.
 AV node is located in the lower left
corner of the right atrium.
 From AV node it reaches the Bundle of
His.
 Finally it reaches the ventricles
through Purkinjee fibres.
 Human heart is myogenic in nature.
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HUMAN HEART
Cardiac cycle
CARDIAC CYCLE
 2 Atrial systole;
Semilunar ventricular
valves diastole
closed

0.1 sec

Semilunar
AV valves
valves 0.4 sec 0.3 sec open
open

1 Atrial and
ventricular
diastole
AV valves
closed
3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole
The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look

• A closer look at the mammalian heart provides

a better understanding of double circulation
aorta (artery)
pulmonary artery
vena cava
semilunar valve

pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Right atrium
Atrioventricular valve
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 CARDIAC OUTPUT
• It is the amount of blood pumped by heart
per minute is called heart output or cardiac
output.
• Cardiac output =72*70 ml
• =5040 ml.
 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES VEINS
• Carry blood from heart to • Carry blood from different
different parts of the parts of the body to heart.
body.
• Carry oxygenated blood • Carry deoxygenated
except pulmonary blood except pulmonary
pulmonary artery. vein.
• Deeply seated. • Superficialy seated.
• Valves are absent. • Valves are present.
• Have thick walls • Have thin walls.
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
 Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood

Right Atria Right ventricle Pulmonary artery

Deoxygenated blood

Deoxygenated blood
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Lungs

Body parts oxygenated blood

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION Pulmonary vein

oxygenated blood
oxygenated blood

Systemic arota Left ventricle Left atria

oxygenated blood oxygenated blood
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
 Pulmonary circulation
 Systemic circulation
 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
(ECG)

ECG; It is the graphical

repersentation of electrical
activity of cardiac chambers.
P wave-Depolarisation of atria
QRS _Depolarisation of
ventricles.
TwAVE_Repolarisation of
cardiac chambers.
1 Pacemaker 2 Signals are 3 Signals pass 4 Signals spread
generates wave of delayed at to heart apex. throughout
signals to contract. AV node. ventricles.

SA node AV
(pacemaker) node
Bundle Purkinje
branches Heart fibers
apex

ECG
 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the
structure and arrangement of blood vessels

The physical principles that govern movement of

water in plumbing systems also influence the
functioning of animal circulatory systems
 Blood Vessel Structure and Function

The epithelial layer that lines blood vessels is called the

endothelium
Capillaries have thin walls, the endothelium plus its basement
membrane, to facilitate the exchange of materials
Arteries and veins have an endothelium, smooth muscle, and
connective tissue
Arteries have thicker walls than veins to accommodate the
high pressure of blood pumped from the heart
In the thinner-walled veins, blood flows back to the heart
mainly as a result of muscle action
 Artery Vein

SEM
100 µm Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium Endothelium

Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle
Connective Capillary Connective
tissue tissue
Artery Vein

Arteriole Venule

15 µm
Red blood cell

Capillary
LM
 Capillary Function
Capillaries in major organs are usually filled to capacity
Blood supply varies in many other sites
Two mechanisms regulate distribution of blood in capillary
beds:
– Contraction of the smooth muscle layer in the wall of an
arteriole constricts the vessel
– Precapillary sphincters control flow of blood between
arterioles and venules
 Precapillary sphinctersThoroughfare
channel

Capillaries
Arteriole Venule

(a) Sphincters relaxed

Arteriole Venule

(b) Sphincters contracted

The critical exchange of substances between the
blood and interstitial fluid takes place across
the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries
The difference between blood pressure and
osmotic pressure drives fluids out of capillaries
at the arteriole end and into capillaries at the
venule end
 Body tissue
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Capillary
Net fluid
movement out
Net fluid
movement in

Direction of
blood flow

Blood pressure
Pressure

Inward flow

Outward flow
Osmotic pressure

Arterial end of capillary Venous end

 Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system returns fluid that leaks out in the

capillary beds
This system aids in body defense
Fluid, called lymph, reenters the circulation directly at the
venous end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the
lymphatic system
The lymphatic system drains into veins in the neck
Lymph nodes are organs that filter lymph and play an
important role in the body’s defense
Edema is swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph
 DISORDER OF CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
 Angina Pectoris
 Heart Failure
 HYPER TENSION
A persistent rise in diastolic pressure
above 90 mmHg and or systolic
pressure above 140mmHg is termed
as hypertension.
 ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• It is due to the deposition of cholesterol on
the walls of arteries leading to narrowing
of arteries.
• This also causes hypertension.
• Blood supply to the cardiac muscle is
reduced.
Connective Smooth
tissue muscle Endothelium Plaque

(a) Normal artery 50 µm (b) Partly clogged artery 250 µm

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
 Loss of elasticity of the walls of
arteries due to ageing.
MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION

 Very low blood flow to the cardiac muscle. As

a result cardiac muscle cannot sustain its
function.
 ANGINA PECTORIS
 Acute pain in the chest due to very
less supply of oxygen to the heart
muscle.