CELL

THEORY
Grade 12 Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Let’s have an activity!
 For 10 minutes, create a
timeline of the important
events and discoveries
related to cell theory and
who are the scientists
that contributed to these
discoveries. After the
allotted time, present and
discuss your group
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1. How do you find doing the activity?
2. What strategies did you use in conducting
the activity?
3.What instrument was necessary before cell
theory could be developed?
4. How are the discoveries of these scientists
contributed to the development of cell theory?
5. Imagine you are a scientist living in
the 17th century. Given the limited
knowledge and tools available at the
time, how would you have approached
the study of cells? What challenges
and limitations might you have faced?

6. How did the earlier scientists and

their contributions directly affect the
discoveries of later scientists?
What is a cell?
CELL
THEORY
Grade 12 Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
 CELL THEORY
CELL - is considered as the smallest
unit of life and that makes up all living
organisms and the tissues of the body.
There are approximately 200 different
types of cells in the human body, but all
cells fit into two categories the
prokaryotic cells and the eukaryotic
cells.
 Why are cells
considered the
basic unit of
life?
 CELL THEORY
What is Prokaryotic cell?
- Is a single celled organism that lacks a
nucleus and other organelles. It has a
simple structure. Examples are algae,
bacteria, etc.
What is eukaryotic cell?
- Refers to those organisms whose cells
contain a nucleus and other membrane-
bound organelles. Examples are plants,
animals, humans.
 Why are cells important?
They provide structure for the body,
take in nutrients from food, convert
those nutrients into energy, and carry
out specialized functions. Cells also
contain the body’s hereditary material
and can make copies of themselves.
ZACHARIAS JANSSEN
● Around 1590, he was
credited with inventing the
microscope. He is a Dutch
eyeglass maker. Created a
microscope based on lenses
in a tube. No observations
form these microscopes
were published and it was
not until ROBERT HOOKE
 ROBERT HOOKE
- - In 1665, he was able to
observe in a piece of cork
specimen structures which
appear as a tiny
compartments similar to
small rooms that are fitted to
each other and called this
chambers “cells”.
- - Publishes his book
“Micrographia” which
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
In 1676, Dutch businessman
Anton van Leeuwenhoek:
- Became one of the first people
to use a microscope to study
nature.
- - He was the first person to see
tiny living organisms in a drop
of water.
- - First to see the structure of red
blood cells of animals and as
well as sperm cell.
 In 1838, German botanist M.J.
Schleiden found out that all plants are
made of cells.
 In 1839, A German Zoologist
T.Schwann also said that all the
animals are made up of cells.
 In 1855, the German Physician Rudolf
Virchow concluded that new cells could
 CELL THEORY

1. All living organisms are composed

of one or more cells.
2. Cell is the basic unit of life in all
living things.
3. Cells comes from pre-existing
cells.
From a historical
perspective, which
scientist do you believe
made the most substantial
contribution to the
development of the cell
How has the cell theory
influenced various
scientific disciplines
beyond biology, such as
medicine and genetics?
 Let’s Have an Activity!
DIRECTIONS: In your activity notebook, answer the following
questions in 3 -5 sentences.

1.How are the discoveries of these scientists contributed to the

development of cell theory?
2.How did the earlier scientists and their contributions directly
affect the discoveries of later scientists?
3.Imagine you are a scientist living in the 17th century. Given
the limited knowledge and tools available at the time, how
would you have approached the study of cells? What
challenges and limitations might you have faced?
CELL
ORGANELLES
Grade 12 Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
 ORGANELLES
 ORGANELLES (literally means “little
organs”) – any of organized or
specialized structures within a living
cell.
 These organelles perform a variety of
functions like production of proteins,
storage of important materials, harvesting
energy, repairing cell parts, digestion of
 CYTOPLA
SM
 Is made up of a jelly-like fluid
(called the cytosol) and other
structures that surround the
nucleus.
 Responsible for holding the
components of the cell and
protects them from damage.
 Many cellular processes also
occur in the cytoplasm, such
as protein synthesis, the first
stage of cellular respiration,
mitosis, meiosis.
 It helps move materials such
 CYTOSKEL
ETON
 The cytoskeleton is a
network of long fibers that
make up the cell’s
structural framework. The
cytoskeleton has several
critical functions, including
determining cell shape,
participating in cell
division, and allowing cells
to move. It also provides a
track-like system that
directs the movement of
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 This organelle helps
process molecules
created by the cell.
The endoplasmic
reticulum also
transports these
molecules to their
specific destinations
either inside or outside
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Smooth ER - lacks
ribosomes therefore it
has a smooth
appearance and is
responsible for lipid and
hormone production.
 Rough ER - on the
other hand, is filled
with ribosomes and is
in control of the
 RIBOSOMES
 Ribosomes are
organelles that
process the cell’s
genetic instructions to
create proteins. These
organelles can float
freely in the cytoplasm
or be connected to the
 GOLGI
APPARATUS
 The Golgi apparatus
packages molecules
processed by the
endoplasmic
reticulum to be
transported out of
the cell.
 Lysosomes and
Peroxisomes
 These organelles
are the recycling
center of the cell.
They digest foreign
bacteria that
invade the cell, rid
the cell of toxic
substances, and
 LYSOSOMES
 A lysosome is a membrane-bound
spherical vesicle which contains
hydrolytic enzymes that can break
down many kinds of biomolecules.
It is involved in cell processes, like
secretion, plasma membrane repair,
cell signaling, and energy
metabolism. Animal cells have
clearly defined lysosomes.
 The presence of lysosomes in plant
cells in under debate. A few studies
have reported presence of animal
lysosomes in plant vacuoles
MITOCHONDRI
A
 are complex
organelles that
convert energy from
food into a form that
the cell can use. They
have their own
genetic material,
separate from the
DNA in the nucleus,
 NUCLEUS
 The nucleus serves as the
cell’s command center,
sending directions to the
cell to grow, mature, divide,
or die. It also houses DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid), the
cell’s hereditary material.
The nucleus is surrounded
by a membrane called the
nuclear envelope, which
protects the DNA and
 CELL
MEMBRANE
 Cell membrane or
Plasma
membrane - The
plasma membrane
is the outer lining of
the cell. It
separates the cell
from its
 CELL WALL
 A difference between plant
cells and animal cells is that
most animal cells are round
whereas most plant cells
are rectangular. Plant cells
have a rigid cell wall that
surrounds the cell
membrane. Animal cells do
not have a cell wall. When
looking under a microscope,
 CHLOROPLAST
 Plants are autotrophs; they
produce energy from sunlight
through the process of
photosynthesis, for which they use
cell organelles called chloroplasts.
Animal cells do not have
chloroplasts. In animal cells,
energy is produced from food
(glucose) via the process of
cellular respiration. Cellular
respiration occurs in mitochondria
on animal cells, which are
structurally somewhat analogous
 VACUOLES
 Animal cells have one or
more small vacuoles
whereas plant cells have
one large central vacuole
that can take up to 90%
of cell volume. In plant
cells, the function of
vacuoles is to store water
and maintain turgidity of
the cell. Vacuoles in
 CILIA
are hair-like
organelles that
extend from the
surface of almost all
cell types of the
human body. It is to
move water relative
to the cell in a regular
movement of the
 PLASTIDS
 plastids are double-
membrane organelles
which are found in the
cells of the plants and
algae. They are
responsible for
manufacturing and
storing food. These often
contain pigments that are
used in photosynthesis
 CENTROSOME
compromises two
microtubule rings
known as
centrioles. Its main
function is to
organize the
microtubules and
 CENTRIOLE
 All animal cells have
centrioles whereas
only some lower plant
forms have centrioles
in their cells (e.g. the
male gametes of
charophytes,
bryophytes, seedless
 NUCLEOLUS
an area inside the
nucleus of a cell
that is made up of
RNA and proteins
and is where
ribosomes are
made.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT CELL
AND ANIMAL CELL
BACTERIAL CELL
 ACTIVITY 3
● Directions: Look around your environment and relate it to
cell structure and functions. Write it in a listing method. After
you choose a particular thing in your house that similarly
functions with a cell structure, explain it and justify. Make
sure that you will compare and contrast all the cell parts.
Give atleast 5 comparisons.

Example: Our Wall as the CELL WALL

Explanation:
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