Heat

Transfer

WMSU Engr. Darry B. Junsay

Professional Mechanical Engineer
What is Heat Transfer?

• Heat transfer is the

movement of heat from
one substance or
material to another.
INTRODUCTION
• The present standard of living is made possible by the
energy available in the form of heat from various
sources like fuels.
• The process by which this energy is converted for
everyday use is studied under thermodynamics, leaving
out the rate at which the energy is transferred.
• In all applications, the rate at which energy is
transferred as heat, plays an important role.
• The design of all equipments involving heat transfer
require the estimate of the rate of heat transfer.
• There is no need to list the various equipments where
heat transfer rate influences their operation.
HEAT TRANSFER
• The study of heat transfer is directed to
(i) the estimation of rate of flow of energy as heat through the
boundary of a system both under steady and transient
conditions, and
(ii) The determination of temperature field under steady and
transient conditions,
which also will provide the information about the gradient
and time rate of change of temperature at various
locations and time. i.e. T (x, y, z, τ) and dT/dx, dT/dy,
dT/dz, dT/dτ etc.
These two are interrelated,
one being dependent on the other.
 Unit Conversion Constants
Length 1 m = 3.2808 ft 1 ft = 0.3048 m
Area 1 m2 = 10.7639 ft2 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2
Volume 1 m3 = 35.3134 ft3 1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3
Mass 1 kg = 2.20462 lb 1 lb = 0.4536 kg
Density 1 kg/m3 = 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 lb/ft3 = 16.018 kg/m3
Force 1 N = 0.2248 lbf 1 lbf = 4.4482 N
Pressure 1 N/m2 = 1.4504 × 10–4 lbf /in2 1 lbf /in2 = 6894.8 N/m2
Pressure 1 bar = 14.504 lbf /in2 1 lbf /in2 = 0.06895 bar
Energy 1 kJ = 0.94783 Btu 1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
(heat, work) 1 kW hr = 1.341 hp hr 1 hp hr = 0.7457 kW hr
Power 1 W = 1.341 × 10–3 hp 1 hp = 745.7 W
Heat flow 1 W = 3.4121 Btu/hr 1 Btu/hr = 0.29307 W
 Unit Conversion Constants
Specific heat 1 kJ/kg°C = 0.23884 Btu/lb°F 1 Btu/lb°F = 4.1869 kJ/kg°C
Surface tension 1 N/m = 0.068522 lbf /ft 1 lbf /ft = 14.5939 N/m
Thermal
Conductivity 1 W/m°C = 0.5778 Btu/hr ft°F 1 Btu/hrft°F = 1.7307 W/m°C
Convection
coefficient 1 W/m2°C = 0.1761 Btu/hrft2°F 1 Btu/hr ft2°F = 5.6783 W/m2°C
Dynamic viscosity 1 kg/ms = 0.672 lb/fts 1 lb/fts = 1.4881 kg/ms
= 2419.2 lb/ft hr or Ns/m2
Kinematic viscosity 1 m2/s = 10.7639 ft2/s 1 ft2/s = 0.092903 m 2/s
Universal gas const. 8314.41 J/kg mol K
= 1545 ft lbf /mol R
= 1.986 B tu/lb mol R
Stefan Boltzmann const. 5.67 W/m2K4 = 0.174 Btu/hr ft2 R4
 UNIT CONVERSION CONSTANTS
• Quantity S.I. To Metric Metric to S.I.
• Force 1 N = 0.1019 kgf 1 kgf = 9.81 N
• Pressure 1 N/m2 = 10.19 × 10–6 kgf /cm2 1 kgr /cm2 = 98135 N/m2
• Pressure 1 bar = 1.0194 kgf /cm2 1 kgf /cm2 = 0.9814 bar
• Energy 1 kJ = 0.2389 kcal 1 kcal = 4.186 kJ
• (heat, work) 1 Nm (= 1 J) = 0.1019 kgf m 1 kgf m = 9.81 Nm (J)
• Energy
• (heat, work) 1 kWhr = 1.36 hp hr 1 hp hr = 0.736 kW hr
• Power (metric) 1 W = 1.36 × 10–3 hp 1 hp = 736 W
• Heat flow 1 W = 0.86 kcal/hr 1 kcal/hr = 1.163 W
• Specific heat 1 kJ/kg°C = 0.2389 kcal/kg°C 1 kcal/kg°C = 4.186 kJ/kg°C
• Surface tension 1 N/m = 0.1019 kgf /m 1 kgf/m = 9.81 N/m
• Thermal conductivity 1 W/m°C = 0.86 kcal/hrm°C 1 kcal/hrm°C = 1.163 W/m°C
• Convection coefficient 1 W/m2°C = 0.86 kcal/hrm2°C 1 kcal/hrm2°C = 1.163 W/m2°C
• Dynamic viscosity 1 kg/ms (Ns/m2) = 10.0 Poise 1 poise = 0.1 kg/ms (Ns/m2)
• Kinematic viscosity 1 m2/s = 3600 m2/hr 1 m2/hr = 2.778 × 10–4 m2/s
• 1 Stoke = cm2/s = 0.36 m2/hr = 10–4 m2/s
• Universal gas const. 8314.41 J/kg mol K = 847.54 m kgf/kg mol K = 1.986 kcal/kg mol K

• Gas constant in air (SI) = 287 J/kg K

• Stefan Boltzmann const. 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2 K4 = 4.876 × 10–8 kcal/hr m2 K4
The basic laws governing heat transfer
and their application are as below:
1. First law of thermodynamics postulating the energy
conservation principle:
This law provides the relation between the heat flow, energy
stored and energy generated in a given system.
The relationship for a closed system is:
The net heat flow across the system boundary + heat generated
inside the system = change in the internal energy, of the system.
This will also apply for an open system with slight modifications.
The change in internal energy in a given volume is equal to the
product of volume density and specific heat ρcV and dT
where the group ρcV is called the heat capacity of the system.
The basic analysis in heat transfer always has to start with one of
these relations.
2. The second law of thermodynamics establishing the
direction of energy transport as heat.
The law postulates that the flow of energy as heat
through a system boundary will always be in the
direction of lower temperature or along the negative
temperature gradient.
• “ Heat flows from a hot body to a cold body and never
vice versa unless aided by an external means”
3. Newton's laws of motion used in the determination
of fluid flow parameters.
4. Law of conservation of mass, used in the
determination of flow parameters.
5. The rate equations as applicable to the particular
mode of heat transfer.
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
1. Conduction- heat transfer due to
phonon (crystalline) vibration of the
substance , normally heat transfer
occurring in solids.
Governing Law’s: Fourier’s Law

Q = – kA dT/dx (Equation 1.1)

The units used in the text for various parameters are:
Q – W, (Watt), A – m2, dT – °C or K (as this is only temperature
interval, °C and K can be used without any difficulty). x – m, k –
W/mK.
Phonon, in condensed-
matter physics, a unit of
vibrational energy that
arises from oscillating
atoms within a crystal. ...
A packet of these waves
can travel throughout
the crystal with a
definite energy and
momentum, so in
quantum mechanical
terms the waves can be
treated as a particle,
called a phonon.
For simple shapes and one directional steady conditions
with constant value of thermal conductivity this law yields
rate equations as below:
1. Conduction, Plane Wall (Fig. 1.1), the integration of
the equation 1.1 for a plane wall of thickness, L
between the two surfaces at T1 and T2 under steady
condition leads to equation 1.2. The equation can be
considered as the mathematical model for this problem.

(Equation 1.2)
Example 1.1: Determine the heat flow across a plane wall of 10 cm
thickness with a constant thermal conductivity of 8.5 W/mK when
the surface temperatures are steady at 100°C and 30°C. The wall
area is 3m2. Also find the temperature gradient in the flow direction

Solution: Refer to Fig. 1.1 and equation 1.2:

T1 = 100°C, T2 = 30°C, L = 10 cm = 0.1 m,
k = 8.5 W/mK, A = 3 m2.
Therefore, heat flow,
Q = (100 – 30) / (0.1/(8.5 × 3))
= 17850 W or 17.85 kW. answer
Referring to equation 1.1
Q = – kA dT/dx
17850 W = – 8.5 × 3 dT/dx.
Therefore dT/dx = – 17850/(8.5 × 3)
This=is–also
700°C/m
equal –to answer temperature
– (100 – 30)/0.1 gradient
= – 700°C/m, as the gradient
is constant all through the thickness
The denominator in equation 1.2, namely L/kA can be considered as thermal
resistance for conduction. An electrical analogy is useful as a concept in
solving conduction problems and in general heat transfer problems.
Mode of heat transfer
2. Convection – heat
transfer due to
movement of fluids
caused by density
differentials, normally
heat transfer
occurring in fluids.
( liquids and gases)
If the flow is due to the
buoyant forces caused by
temperature difference in the
fluid body, then the mode is
known as free or natural
convection.
Conduction Convection
Governing laws: “ Newtons Law of Cooling”

Q = hcAdt
(Equation 1.3)

The quantity 1/hA is called convection resistance to heat flow. The equivalent circuit is
given in Fig. 1.5(b).
Example 1.2: Determine the heat transfer by convection over a
surface of 0.5 m2 area if the surface is at 160°C and fluid is at
40°C. The value of convective heat transfer coefficient is 25
W/m2K. Also estimate the temperature gradient at the surface
given k = 1 W/mK.
Solution: Refer to Fig. 1.5a and equation 1.3

Q = hA (T1 – T2)
= 25 × 0.5 × (160 – 40) W
= 1500 W or 1.5 kW
The resistance = 1/hA = 1/(25 × 0.5 )= 0.08°C/W.
The fluid has a conductivity of 1 W/mK,
then the temperature gradient at the surface
is
Q = – kA dT/dy
Therefore, dT/dy = – Q/kA
= – 1500/(1.0 × 0.5 )= – 3000°C/m.
 Mode of heat transfer
3. Radiation – Heat transfer thru
electromagnetic waves, heat transfer
occurs without any heat transfer medium
as the sun ray s reach the earth.
Governing Law; Steffan – Boltzman Relation

Thermal radiation is part of the electromagnetic

spectrum in the limited wave length range of 0.1
to 10 μm and is emitted at all surfaces,
irrespective of the temperature
The rate equation is due to Stefan-Boltzmann law which states that heat radiated is
proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the surface and heat
transfer rate between surfaces is given in equation 1.4. The situation is represented in Fig.
1.6 (a).

(Equation 1. 4)

where,
F—a factor depending on geometry and surface properties,
σ—Stefan Boltzmann constant 5.67 × 10–8 W/m 2 K4 (SI units)
A—m2,
T1, T2 → K (only absolute unit of temperature to be used).

This equation can also be

(Equation 1. 5)
rewritten as.
Example 1.3: A surface is at 200°C and has an area of 2m2. It exchanges
heat with another surface B at 30°C by radiation. The value of factor due
to the geometric location and emissivity is 0.46. Determine the heat
exchange. Also find the value of thermal resistance and equivalent
convection coefficient.
Solution: Refer to equation 1.4 and 1.5 and Fig. 1.6
T1 = 200°C = 200 + 273 = 473K, T2 = 30°C = 30 + 273 = 303K.
σ = 5.67 × 10-8, A = 2m2, F = 0.46.
Therefore, Q = 0.46 × 5.67 × 10-8 × 2[4734 – 3034]
= 0.46 × 5.67 × 2 [(473/100)4 – (303/100)4]
Therefore, Q = 2171.4 W
Resistance can be found as
Q = ΔT/R, R = ΔT/Q = (200–30)/2171.4
Therefore, R = 0.07829°C/W or K/W
Resistance is also given by 1/hrA.
Therefore, hr = 6.3865 W/m 2K
Check Q = hrAΔT = 6.3865 × 2 × (200–30) = 2171.4 W
The denominator in the resistance terms is also denoted as hrA. where hr = Fσ (T1+ T2 )
(T1 2+ T2 2) and is often used due to convenience approximately hr = Fσ ( T 1 + T 2 )3 / 2
The determination of F is rather involved and values are available for simple configurations in the
form of charts and tables. For simple cases of black surface enclosed by the other surface F = 1
and for non black enclosed surfaces F = emissivity. (defined as ratio of heat radiated by a
surface to that of an ideal surface).
1.The sun generates 1 kW/m² when used as a source for solar collectors. A collector
with an area of 1 m² heat water. The flow rate is 3.0 liter/min. What is the temp. rise in
the water? The specific heat of water is 4200 j/kg-°C.
END