Materials

Science and
Engineering
 The Periodic
Table
Learning Goals
At the end of the module, the student should be able to:

1 Define the periodic law.

2 Identify the major groupings of elements in the periodic table.

3 Describe and explain the periodic trends presented in the periodic table.
The Periodic Law
In the periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. The last element in
a row ends at a noble gas which is an element characterized as having a fully filled outermost shell. Thus,
going from left to right in row, we can imagine an atom as being filled with electrons until its outermost
shell is full. This pattern repeats in every row, creating groups of elements in columns with similar
chemical properties. This arrangement of elements is described as the periodic law.

The Periodic Law

states that when the elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number the elements will fall into recurring
groups of similar chemical properties that occur at regular
intervals called periods
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
(8 February 1834 – 2 February 1907)
Russian chemist and inventor who formulated
the Periodic Law and created a farsighted version of
the periodic table of elements which was used to
correct the properties of some already discovered
elements and also to predict the properties of eight
elements yet to be discovered.
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period

1 1 2
Alkali Metals Metalloids Lanthanides 𝑝
Aerogens/Noble Gases 2
Alkaline Earth Metals Nonmetals Actinides

2 3 Alkali 𝑠
4 Metals/Lithium
Transition Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals/Beryllium
Group Group
Halogens
Tetrels/Crystallogens/Carbon
Triels/Boron
Pnictogens/Nitrogen
Chalcogens/Oxygen
Group Group
Halogens/Fluorine
5
Group
6 Group7 Group
8 9 10
Poor Metals Noble Gases

3 11 12
𝑑
13 14 15 16 17 18

Scandium
Titanium
19 Group
Vanadium
20 Group
Chromium
21 Group
Manganese
22 Group
Period
23 Group
Iron
Coinage
24 Cobalt
Group
25Metals/Copper
Group
Nickel
26 Group
27 Group
Zinc
28 Group

Group
4 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36

5 37
is a row of elements in
38 39 40
the periodic table characterized as
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
49 50 51
having the is asame number
column of electron
of elements shells;
in the going
periodic from
table left52to 53 54

6 right
55 56of the
57
periodic
characterized
72 73 table,
74 as each
75 having
76 element
77 the 79successively
78 same number
80
81
ofincrease
82 83 84
in85 86
the number of electrons withinelectrons
valence the shell until reaching a fully
7 87 88
89
104 105 106
107 filled
108 shell
109 110 111 112
113 114 115 116 117 118

67
𝑓
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71

98 99
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 102 103
Valence Electrons
Why elements in the same group behave similarly?

1
1 H
7
3 Li
1

Valence
23
11 Na
3

11
Electrons
40
19 K
19 electrons at the outermost shell of an
atom that participate in chemical
37
reactions
55

85
87 37 Rb
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period

1 1 Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Electron Affinity Electronegativity Ionization Energy 2

2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10

3 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18

4 19 20 21
Periodic Trends
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36

5 37 38are 39specific
40 41 patterns
42 43 present
44 45 in46the47periodic
48
49 table
50 that
51 52 53 54
illustrate chemical properties of the elements such as
6 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
eletronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity,
81 82 atomic
83 84 85 86

7 87 88 104 105 106

radii, and
108
ionic
109
radius
110 111 112
107 113 114 115 116 117 118

67
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71

98 99
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 102 103
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
decreasing
1 1 Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Electron Affinity Electronegativity Ionization Energy 2

2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10

Atomic Radius
3 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18

4 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Going down the periodic table trends into increasing 31 32 33size34 of 35the36

5
atom 37
because
38 39
we
40
add
41
shells
42 43
that
44
houses
45 46
the
47
increase
48
in the number of
49 50 51 52 53 54
electrons along with the increase in the number of protons. Going from
6 left 55
to right
56 trends
72 73 into
74 a75decreasing
76 77 78 size
79 of
80 the atom because we
81 82 83 84 85 86
add electrons within a shell as we increase the number of protons. The
7 increase 88in electrons 105 increases the electric attraction 113 with
114 the
115 increased
87 104 106 108 109 110 111 112
107 116 117 118
number of protons thus shrinking the atom.
increasing

67
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71

98 99
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 102 103
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period

1 Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Electron Affinity Electronegativity Ionization Energy

2
Group 16 Group 17
3

5
Neutral Atom

Cations
6
Anions

Cations/Anions
7
All
increasing
Ionic Radius

All these ions have the

same electron
configuration as Neon
19
9 F
−
16
8 O F
2+ ¿¿
O
20
10 Ne

+¿ ¿
Mg
2+ ¿¿ Na
23
24
12 Mg 11 Na
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
increasing
1 1 Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Electron Affinity Electronegativity Ionization Energy 2

2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10

3 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18

4 19 20 21
Electron Affinity
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36

5 37 38 the
39 40 ability
41 42of an
43 atom
44 45to gain
46 electrons;
47 48
49 is50a 51 52 53 54
measure of the amount of energy liberated when
6 55 56 72 73
is added76to a77 neutral
78 79 80
74 75
an electron atom to
81 form
82 a83 84 85 86

7 87 88 104 105 106

negatively
108
charged
109 110
ion112
111
107 113 114 115 116 117 118
increasing

67
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71

98 99
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 102 103
Electron Affinity
note that the electron
affinity of oxygen for the
first electron is only about

19
16 F
8 O 9

the more electrons an atom

accepts in its outermost shell
the more energy the atom
releases to accommodate
these electrons

+¿ ¿
Mg
2+ ¿¿ Na
23
24
12 Mg 11 Na
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
increasing
1 1 Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Electron Affinity Electronegativity Ionization Energy 2

2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10

3 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18

4 19 20 21
Electronegativity
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36

5 37 the38 ability
39 40of an
41 atom
42 43to attract
44 45 a 46 bonding
47 48 pair of electrons;
49 50 51 52 53 54
an atom’s electronegativity is affected by the number of
6 55 56
as72well73 as the distance
76 77 78 79 80
74 75
protons of the valence electrons
81 82 83 from
84 85 86

7 87 88 104 105 106

the
108
nucleus
109 110 111 112
107 113 114 115 116 117 118
increasing

67
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71

98 99
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 102 103
 Electronegativity
has electronegativity of about while has
electronegativity of about . Each pair of
bonding electrons will be more attracted to
than to .
19
1
H 9 F
1

1
1 H
pair of bonding electrons
12 1
6 C 1 H
1
1 H
has electronegativity of about while has
electronegativity of about . The pair of bonding
1 electrons will be more attracted to than to .
1 H
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
increasing
1 1 Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Electron Affinity Electronegativity Ionization Energy 2

2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10

3 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18

4 19 20 21
Ionization Energy
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36

5 37 38 the40amount
39 41 42 of 43
energy
44 required
45 46 47to remove
48
49 and
50 51 52 53 54
electron from an isolated atom or molecule i.e. the
6 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
minimum amount of energy needed to 81
ionize
82 a 83 84 85 86

7 87 88 104 105
neutral
106
atom
108 109
or 110
molecule
111 112
107 113 114 115 116 117 118
increasing

67
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71

98 99
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 102 103
Ionization Energy
The more valence
electrons an atom has, the
higher the energy required
to ionize it.

19
16 F
8 O 9

ionization energy
the ionization energy
of is about

+¿ ¿
Mg
2+ ¿¿ the ionization energy of Na
is about 23
24
12 Mg 11 Na
References
• Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, An Integrated Approach, by: William D. Callister &
David G. Rethwisch, 3rd Edition, John Wiley, 2008. ISBN-10: 0470125373
• https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
• Goldberg (2005), Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Beginning Chemistry by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL1jmJaUkaQ&t=305s
Stoichiometry: Chemistry for Massive Creatures – Crash Course Chemistry #6
CrashCourse
March 19, 2013
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuyB-445gQM
Measuring Atomic Mass - CBSE 9
Don't Memorise
August 6, 2018
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/
Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Atomic_and_Ionic_Radius
Jim Clark
June 6, 2019
• https://www.kentchemistry.com/links/GasLaws/Mole.htm
The Mole and History of The Term "Mole"
August 1, 2019
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-
electron_Atoms/Quantum_Numbers_for_Atoms#:~:text=The%20principal%20quantum%20number%2C
%20n,an%20electron%20is%20placed%20in.
GIF and Video Credits
• https://videohive.net/item/data-driven-periodic-table/29297296
Image Credits
 presentation created by
Laurence N. Magdalaga