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Fundamentals of AC Circuits

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45 views53 pages

Fundamentals of AC Circuits

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mail.ashish005ak
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UNIT-II

Fundamentals of AC
circuits
Definition of Alternating Quantity

Where Vm, Im are


maximum or peak
values of voltage
and current
ω is angular
frequency in rad/sec

Alternating current is the current which constantly


changes in amplitude, and which reverses direction at
regular intervals.
1.Amplitude: It is the maximum value attained by an alternating

quantity. Also called as maximum or peak value.

2.Time Period (T): It is the Time Taken in seconds to complete one

cycle of an alternating quantity.

3. Instantaneous Value: It is the value of the quantity at any instant.


4. Waveform: The shape of the curve, which

connects all the instantaneous values is known

as waveform.
5. Frequency (f): It is the number of cycles that occur

in one second. The unit for frequency is Hz or

cycles/sec. The relationship between frequency and

time period can be derived as follows.

T = 1/f
• Angular Frequency (ɷ): Angular frequency
is defined as the number of radians covered in
one second(i.e., the angle covered by the
rotating coil). The unit of angular frequency is
rad/sec.
• Problem 1:
An alternating current i is given by i = 141.4 sin 314t.
Find i) The maximum value ii) Frequency iii) Time
Period iv) The instantaneous value when t=3ms
i = 141.4 sin 314t
i) Maximum value Im=141.4 A
ɷ = 314 rad/sec
ii) f = ɷ /2π = 50 Hz As ɷ= 2π f
iii) T=1/f = 0.02 sec
iv) i=141.4 sin(314x0.003) = 114.35A
Average Value
• The arithmetic average of all the instantaneous values of
an alternating quantity over one cycle is called its average
value
• Average value of a sinusoidal current:

For symmetrical Waveforms: Average value = Area under one half cycle/
Base

For Asymmetrical Waveforms: Average value = Area under one cycle/ Base
Derivation of Average value:
• RMS value of a sinusoidal current:

For symmetrical Waveforms:

For Asymmetrical Waveforms:


Derivation of RMS value:
Form Factor:

• The ratio of RMS value to the average value of an


alternating quantity is known as Form Factor
Peak Factor or Crest Factor:

• The ratio of maximum value to the RMS value of an


alternating quantity is known as the peak factor

For a sinusoidal waveform:


Ans: Vavg= 0.5Vm and Vrms= 0.577Vm
AC circuit with a pure Resistor:

From equation (1) and (2) we conclude that in a pure


resistive circuit, the voltage and current are in phase.
V in phase with I
Instantaneous power:
• The instantaneous power consists of two terms. The first term
is called as the constant power term and the second term is
called as the fluctuating power term.
• Average power: From the instantaneous power we can find
the average power over one cycle as follows

The average power is the product of the rms voltage and the rms
current.
Problems
1. An ac circuit consists of a pure resistance of 10Ω and is connected to an ac supply of 230 V,
50 Hz. Calculate the (i) current (ii) power consumed and (iii) equations for voltage and current .
AC circuit with a pure Inductor
From equation (1) and (2) we observe that in a pure
inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage
by 90⁰.
Instantaneous power:

As seen from the above equation, the instantaneous power is fluctuating in nature.
Average power
From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows

The average power in a pure


inductive circuit is zero.
2. A pure inductive coil allows a current of 10A to flow from a 230V, 50 Hz supply. Find
(i) inductance of the coil (ii) power absorbed and (iii) equations for voltage and current.
AC circuit with a pure Capacitor
From equation (1) and (2) we observe that in a pure
capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by
90⁰.
Instantaneous power

As seen from the above equation, the instantaneous power is fluctuating in nature.
Average power
From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows

The average power in a pure capacitive circuit


is zero. Or in other words, the power consumed
by a pure capacitance is zero.
3. A 318μF capacitor is connected across a 230V, 50 Hz system. Find (i) the capacitive
reactance (ii) rms value of current and (iii) equations for voltage and current.
Series R-L circuit

The current flowing in the circuit is i. The voltage across


the resistor is VR and that across the inductor is VL.
Impedance triangle
P=V ICosΦ
Q=VISin Φ
S=VI
Series R-C circuit

The current flowing in the circuit is i. The voltage across the


resistor is VR and that across the capacitor is VC.
R-L-C Series circuit
From the expression for phase angle, we can derive the
following three cases
Case (i): When XL>XC
• The phase angle Φ is positive and the circuit is inductive.
The circuit behaves like a series RL circuit.

Case (ii): When XL<XC


• The phase angle is negative and the circuit is capacitive.
The circuit behaves like a series RC circuit.

Case (iii): When XL=XC


• The phase angle Φ = 0 and the circuit is purely resistive.
The circuit behaves like a pure resistive circuit.
Three Phase system
 There are two types of system available in electric circuit,
 single phase system
 Three phase system.
 In single phase circuit, there will be only one phase, i.e. the current will
flow through only one wire and there will be one return path called neutral
line to complete the circuit. So in single phase minimum amount of power
can be transported.
 To Increase the power transfer capability we go for three phase systems
 In three Phase circuit, there will be three phases (R,Y &B) , Each phase are
having a phase difference of 120o, i.e. 120o angle electrically. So from the
total of 360o, three phases are equally divided into 120o each.
Three Phase Waveform
Phase Sequence

The sequence in which three phase voltages attain their positive


maximum values is defined as the phase sequence.
Meaning of Balanced and Unbalanced Supply
• In three phase circuit, There are two types of
connections.
• Star connection
• Delta connection
Star /Y Connection System
 Thus, for the star-connected system line voltage = √3 × phase voltage.
 Line current = Phase current
 As, the angle between voltage and current per phase is φ, the electric power
per phase is

 So the total power of three phase system is


Delta/∆ Connection System
i.e. In Delta Connection, The Line current is √3 times of Phase Current .

Where Cos Φ = Power factor = the phase angle between Phase Voltage and
Phase Current (not between Line current and line voltage).

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