Introduction To Pic Microcontrollers

INTRODUCTION TO PIC
MICROCONTROLLERS
By:- SUJAN
INTRODUCTION TO PIC
MICROCONTROLLER
PIC is a Peripheral Interface Microcontroller which was developed in the year
1993 by the General Instruments Microcontrollers.
 It is controlled by software and programmed in such a way that it performs
different tasks and controls a generation line.
PIC microcontrollers are used in different new applications such as
smartphones, audio accessories, and advanced medical devices.
There are many PICs available in the market ranging from PIC16F84 to
PIC16C84.
These types of PICs are affordable flash PICs. Microchip has recently
introduced flash chips with different types, such as 16F628, 16F877, and
18F452.
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE AND VON-NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically
separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data.
The term originated from the Harvard Mark I relay-based computer, which
stored instructions on punched tape (24 bits wide) and data in electro-
mechanical counters.
These early machines had data storage entirely contained within the central
processing unit, and provided no access to the instruction storage as data.
 Programs needed to be loaded by an operator; the processor could not

initialize itself.
Von Neumann
Von Neumann consisting of a processing unit containing an arithmetic logic
unit and processor registers; a control unit containing an instruction register
and program counter; a memory to store both data and instructions; external
mass storage; and input and output mechanisms.
 The meaning has evolved to be any stored-program computer in which an

instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because
they share a common bus.
 This is referred to as the von Neumann bottle neck and often limits the
performance of the system.
OVERVIEW OF PIC16F8XXA FAMILY
RISC architecture
 Only 35 instructions to learn
All single-cycle instructions except branches
Operating frequency 0-20 MHz
Precision internal oscillator
Factory calibrated
Software selectable frequency range of 8MHz to 31KHz
Power supply voltage 2.0-5.5V
220uA (2.0V, 4MHz), 11uA (2.0 V, 32 KHz) 50nA (stand-by mode)
Power-Saving Sleep Mode
Brown-out Reset (BOR) with software control option
35 input/output pins
High current source/sink for direct LED drive
Software and individually programmable pull-up resistor
 Interrupt-on-Change pin
8K ROM memory in FLASH technology
Flash memory is a long-life and non-volatile storage chip that is widely used in embedded
systems. It can keep stored data and information even when the power is off. It can be
electrically erased and reprogrammed. Flash memory was developed from EEPROM
(electronically erasable programmable read-only memory).
 Chip can be reprogrammed up to 100.000 times
In-Circuit Serial Programming Option(It is a technique where a programmable device is
programmed after the device is placed in a circuit board)
Chip can be programmed even embedded in the target device
256 bytes EEPROM memory
Data can be written more than 1.000.000 times
368 bytes RAM memory
A/D converter: 8-channels
10-bit resolution
Independent timers/counters
Watch-dog timer
Analogue comparator module with
 Two analogue comparators
 Fixed voltage reference (0.6V)
 Programmable on-chip voltage reference
PWM output steering control
Enhanced USART module
 Supports RS-485, RS-232 and LIN2.0
 Auto-Baud Detect (The baud rate is the rate at which information is transferred in a
communication channel)
Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP)
 Supports SPI and I2C mode.
SPECIAL FEATURES OVERVIEW
OSCILLATOR:-
Oscillators are responsible for supplying the clock signals in
microcontrollers. All the instructions executed by microcontrollers are in
synchronization with clock signals. The timing for different operations in a
microcontroller is assigned with the help of oscillators.
An external oscillator is installed within the microcontroller and connected to the OSC1 and
OSC2 pins. It is called ‘external’ because it relies on an external circuit for the clock signal and
frequency stabilization.
 The PIC16F877A can be operated in four different oscillator modes.
 The user can program two configuration bits (FOSC1 and FOSC2) to select one of these four
modes.
 LP Low power crystal
 XT Crystal /Resonator
 HS High speed crystal / Resonator
 RC Resistor /Capacitor
External Oscillator in LP, XT External Oscillator in RC MODE
or HS MODE
LP mode – (Low Power)

 It is used for low-frequency quartz crystal only. This mode is designed to
drive only 32.768 kHz crystals usually embedded in quartz watches.
 It is easy to recognize them by small size and specific cylindrical shape. The
current consumption is the least of the three modes.
XT mode – (External)
It is used for intermediate-frequency quartz crystals up to 8 MHz . The current
consumption is the medium of the three modes.
HS mode – (High Speed)

It is used for high-frequency quartz crystals over 8 MHz. The current
consumption is the highest of the three modes.
RC mode
When the external oscillator is configured to operate in RC mode, the OSC1 pin
should be connected to the RC circuit.
The OSC2 pin outputs the RC oscillator frequency divided by 4.
This signal may be used for calibration, synchronization or other application
requirements.

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INTRODUCTION TO PIC

 Programs needed to be loaded by an operator; the processor could not

 The meaning has evolved to be any stored-program computer in which an

LP mode – (Low Power)

HS mode – (High Speed)

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