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Basic electricity
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY Electrical Current – how many electrons Voltage – how hard they’re pushed Power – what they can accomplish Circuit – where they can go Series Circuit – one pathway only Parallel Circuit – so many choices! PARALLEL VS. SERIES CIRCUITS
Parallel circuits Series circuits
maintain potential maintain electrical
(voltage is constant) flow (current is
Current is divided constant) among components Voltage is divided If one light goes among components out, the others stay Easy to open circuit lit quickly THE OHOM’S LAW PRACTICAL BATTERY CONNECTIONS THE RELATION SHIP B/N SOURCE VOLTAGE AND VOLTAGE DROP LIMITATIONS OF SERIES CONNECTION DC VS. AC
Direct Current Alternating Current
“Battery power” EASY to generate Electronics use Can be transformed Requires in voltage prohibitively high Can be limited while
voltage to transmit keeping voltage high
over long distance Can be transmitted
over long distance
without super-high voltage THE DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL SOLAR ON WALL SOLAR APPLICATION AREAS PHOTOVOLTAICS PV CELL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY PV ARRAY COMPONEN TS
oPV Cells oModules oArrays PV SYSTEM COMPONENTS NET METERING PV ARRAY FIELDS DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
Less efficient and costly
equipment Part Time Reliability Depends On Location Environmental Impact of PV Cell Production CLASSROOM PHOTO VOLTAIC
Experiments help students understand
the conditions needed for optimal power production Focus of secondary-level solar
curriculum Use digital multimeters ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM Solar PV provides clean – green energy. During electricity generation with Solar PV there are no harmful greenhouse gases that are emitted thus it becomes environmentally friendly. Solar energy is energy supplied by nature – it is thus free and abundant! Solar energy can be made available almost anywhere there is sunlight CONT’D Solar PV technology has indeed a highly promising future both for economical viability and environmental sustainability Operating and maintenance costs for PV panels are considered to be low, almost negligible, compared to costs of
other renewable energy systems.
PV panels have no mechanically CONT’D PV panels do not produce noise at all.(relatively low sound pollution) DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM As in all renewable energy sources, solar energy has is not always available, there is no sun shining at night, during cloudy and rainy days. solar energy panels less reliable a
solution Solar energy panels require
additional equipment (inverters) to
convert direct electricity (DC) to alternating electricity (AC) in order to be used on CONT’D For a continuous supply of electric power, especially for on-grid connections, Photovoltaic panels require not only
Inverters but also storage batteries;
thus increasing the investment cost for PV panels considerably CONT’D In case of land-mounted PV panel installations, they require relatively large areas for deployment; usually the land space is committed for this purpose for a period of 15-20 years – or
even longer. CONT’D Solar panels efficiency levels are relatively low (between 14%-25%) compared to the efficiency levels of other renewable energy systems. Though PV panels have no
considerable maintenance or operating costs, they are fragile and can be damaged relatively easily; additional insurance costs are therefore of ultimate importance USING A DIGITAL MULTIMETER
Indicates voltage from alternating DC Voltage current. Do not Scale use.
DC Current Resistance Scale Scale. Do not use. BASIC ANATOMY OF A MULTIMETER FOR MORE INFORMATION 1. Connect RED lead to VΩmA socket and BLACK to COM. 2. Set SWITCH to highest setting on DC VOLTAGE scale (1000).
3. Connect leads to the device to be tested using the alligator clips
provided. 4. Adjust SWITCH to lower settings until a satisfactory reading is obtained. 5. With the photovoltaic modules and array, the 20 setting usually provides the best reading. DC Current
1. Connect RED lead to VΩmA connector and BLACK to
COM. 2. Set SWITCH to 10 ADC setting. ADVANTAGES OF MULTI METER
