Unit 9.

4 : Drilling Down
How the processor handles
instructions
Final Project
Part 1 : Presentation
 Table of contents.
01 02 03
● The difference between high-level
● Definition of the fetch-decode-execute
● Different types of system software and low-level languages and the
cycle and how it carries out
need for translation
instructions stored in memory one
● The role played by the operating
after another
system and utility programs ● A description of why different types
of translators are needed
● The registers used in the fetch-decode-
execute cycle and the role they play
● The key features of a complier and
an interpreter; examples

04 05
● Definition of machine learning ● The advantages and disadvantages
of computerisation
● Examples of applications that use
machine learning ● Examples of traditional
manufacturing and industry areas
● 3 manufacturing or industrial that computerization has affected.
practices that use machine learning
today
 Types of System Software
● Operating System

It acts as an interface between computer hardware components and the user to provide a platform where
applications can run

● Utilities Software

Software that helps maintain the smooth functioning of a digital device by helping the operating system
manage tasks and resources
Roles of the Operating System and
Utility Programs
Disc
Device Security Defragmenter
• Defragmentation is the
Driver Software process of consolidating
fragmented files and on the
o Operates a hardware user’s hard drive
 Any type of software
devices connected to a
that secures and • Files become fragmented
computer
protects a digital device. when data is written to disk
o Essential for a computer  and there is not enough
Firewalls
contiguous space to hold the
to work properly  Antivirus complete file.
 Anti-Spyware
• Storage algorithms break
 Anti-Malware
the data apart so that it will
fit into the available space
Difference between high-level and low-level languages
High Level Language Low Level Language
Easy for humans to read , write and modify More difficult for humans to read , write and
modify
Uses variables to identify locations in Identifies locations in memory using actual
memory for storing data location addresses when storing data
Portable – which means it can run on any Not portable – it can only run on a CPU
CPU with the same instruction set
 Translation

● Different types of translators are needed to address the specific challenges and
complexities of translating various human and programming
languages ,ensuring accuracy , context , performance and domain-specific
knowledge are properly managed

● Language translation is needed to facilitate communication and understanding

between people who speak different languages , enabling the sharing of
information , culture , ideas and commerce globally
Key Features of a Complier and an
Interpreter
Interpreter Complier

Translates each line of HLL code into machine Translates the entire program into machine code
code
Carries out one instruction before translating the Does not run the program until all lines of code
next instruction , meaning that less main memory has been translated
is needed to run the program as the instructions
are not stored for later use
Errors are displayed as soon as they are Errors in the code are reported only at the end of
encountered the process ; this can make debugging difficult
If an error is encountered , the program execution Takes a long time to compile the program
stops ; this is helpful when trying to debug a
program
Interprets the program each time it is run , so is Saves a copy of the translated code so it can be
useful for applications designed to run on multiple used over and over again , meaning complied
platforms (e.g. web-based applications written programs run quickly
using Python)
Useful for larger programs , e.g. computer games ,
which may take a long time to compile
 Fetch-Decode-Execute
Registers
Cycle
o Accumulator (ACC) : a register
used by the ALU to store the
Fetch Decode
results of the processing the ALU
carries out ● The CPU fetches an ● The CPU works out what the
instruction means , i.e. it is
o Program Counter (PC) : stores the instruction from a
address of the next instruction telling the CPU what to do
waiting to be executed (carried location in memory
out) by the CPU

o Current Instruction Register

(CIR) : stores the address of the
instruction the CPU is currently
executing Execute
o Memory Address Register (MAR) :
holds the address of the memory ● Once the CPU has figured
location being accessed , either out what it has to do , it
to read data from or write data to
carries out that instruction
o Memory Data Register (MDR) :
any data or instructions that pass
into or out of main memory must
pass through the MDR
 Uses of machine learning Machine Learning
1. Self-Driving Cars

Applications
Use data collected from sensors
and online sources to make
decisions. They use this data to
select the most efficient route to
take to a destination and to avoid  Speech input and language
obstacles on the journey.
translation
 Self-Driving cars
2. Security  Online shopping and banking
Analyses emails and internet use
 Medicine
and can alert authorities quickly
to potential threats.  Image Recognition
 Security
3. Speech input and language translation  Route Calculations
Many digital assistants allow users  Product Targeting
to input instructions by speaking in
normal sentences. By combining machine
learning with AI , the devices are able
to follow voice commands and complete
tasks correctly. Communicating with
other people using unfamiliar languages
has been made easier using apps that
automatically translate spoken ,
Definition
written or scanned text from one Machine Learning is the ability of a computer system to learn over time.
language into another. Machine learning is often confused with robotics and artificial intelligence.
Machine Learning is found on many of the digital applications you use on a daily basis.
Machine Learning is important in helping to develop AI devices
 Computerisation
Advantages Disadvantages

The products produced are a better and more Technology can be expensive to purchase
consistent quality

Computers can work 24/7 Costs are unknown – computers need to be repaired if
they break down

There is less chance of injury at work as fewer Some staff may lose their jobs
humans are involved in the workplace
 Examples of traditional manufacturing and industry areas that computerization has
affected :

1. The Manufacturing Industry was traditionally an industry that employed skilled crafts people
to create new products. As technology advanced , robots that were designed to complete a single
task with no input form the environment replaced human workers. When a product design changed
, the robots needed to be reprogrammed to allow them to create the new design. Today , computer-
aided manufacturing of new products , using computing technology to monitor and control the
manufacturing process , means that products are produced to a high and consistent standard.

2. Monitoring of stock levels , using special technology known as radio frequency

identification (RFID) tags. Manufacturers are able to track the location and levels of stock and
parts needed to produce products they are making. This technology is even used in checkout-free
stores , where digital systems in the store track the products a customer has selected and
automatically charge for them when the customer leaves the store. Previously , staff would have
completed this task manually , along with counting stock levels on shop floors and warehouses.
This allowed stores to decide when new products needed to be reordered , but this task is now
often automated.

3. Managing communications between clients and businesses. Computing technology is

used in chatbots to troubleshoot problems. Before the introduction of chatbots , businesses would
employ staff members to answer telephone calls and respond to customer queries.

4. Targeting Advertising. By collecting data about users via small programs called cookies , AI
applications can send targeted advertisements to potential customers. Previously , adverts were
posted publicly , for example , using large boards on roadsides , on television or on radio , in the
hope that potential customers would see them.
 Thank
you!
Do you have any questions?