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    Walking Mech

    Uploaded by

    Bilal Khan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Walking Mech

    Uploaded by

    Bilal Khan
    4 views35 pages

    Original Title

    WALKING MECH

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4 views35 pages

    Walking Mech

    Uploaded by

    Bilal Khan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    THE WALKING

    MECHANISM
    STANDING AT EASE
    When a person is standing at ease with the
    feet slightly apart and rotated laterally so
    the toes point outward, only a few of the
    back and lower limb muscles are active.
    In the stand-easy position, the hip and knee
    joints are extended and are in their most
    stable positions (maximal contact of
    articular surfaces for weight transfer, with
    supporting
    ligaments taut).
    The ankle joint is less stable than the hip and
    knee joints,

    A tendency to fall forward (forward sway),


    countered periodically by bilateral
    contraction of the calf muscle
    (plantarflexion).

    The spread or splay of the feet increases


    lateral stability.
    However, when lateral sway occurs, it is
    countered by the hip abductors
    Introduction
    Locomotion is a complex function.

    The movements of the lower limbs during


    walking on a level surface may be divided
    into alternating swing and stance
    phases.
    Each sequence of limb action (called a
    gait cycle) involves a period of weight-
    bearing (stance) and an interval of self-
    advancement (swing)
    The reciprocal action of the two limbs is
    timed to trade their weight-bearing
    responsibility during a period of double
    stance (i.e., when both feet are in contact
    with the ground) and usually involves the
    initial and terminal 10% intervals of stance.
    The middle 40% is a period of single
    stance (single-limb support). During this
    time the opposite limb is in swing.
    Introduction
    •The stance phase begins with a heel
    strike, when the heel strikes the ground
    and begins to assume the body’s full
    weight (loading response), and ends with
    a push off by the forefoot a result of
    plantarflexion.
    The stance phase is 60% of walking.
    The swing phase begins after push off
    when the toes leave the ground (toe off)
    and ends when the heel strikes the ground.
    The swing phase occupies approximately
    40% of the walking cycle.
    STANCE PHASE
    Heel strike
    Heel strike, also known as initial
    contact, is a short period which begins
    the moment the foot touches the ground
    and is the first phase of double support
    Extensors of hip
    full extension in the knee is observed.
    ankle moves from a neutral position into
    dorsi flexion and after this knee flexion
    (5°) begins
    dorsi flexion is allowed by eccentric
    contraction of the tibialis anterior
    extension of the knee is caused by a
    contraction of the quadriceps
     flexion is caused by a contraction of the
    hamstrings
    flexion of the hip is caused by the
    contraction of the rectus femoris while
    gluteus maximus continue deceleration
    Loading phase
    In foot flat, or loading response phase,
    the body absorbs the impact of the foot

    hip moves slowly into extension, caused


    by a contraction of the adductor magnus
    and gluteus maximus muscles

    Ankle dorsiflexion increases to 10-15°


    the knee extensors accept weight with
    stabilizing factors acting (abductors of
    hip) and maintainance of arch ( by foot
    muscles and long tendons)
    Mid stance
    In midstance
    • Hip is stabilized
    knee is stabilized by knee extensors
    at ankle plantar flexion by triceps surae
    the body is supported by one single leg
    Heel off
    Heel off begins when the heel leaves the
    floor. In this phase, the body weight is
    divided over the metatarsal heads
    hip hyperextension, which then goes into
    flexion.
    knee becomes flexed (0-5°)
    the ankle supinates and plantar flexes.
    Toe off
    In the toe-off/pre-swing phase
    the hip becomes less extended
    knee is flexed 35-40°
    plantar flexion of the ankle increases to
    20°
    Stabilization and resilience are important
    during locomotion.
    The invertors and evertors of the foot are
    principal stabilizers of the foot during the
    stance phase.
    Their long tendons, plus those of the
    flexors of the digits, also help support the
    arches of the foot during the stance phase,
    assisting the intrinsic muscles of the sole.
    SWING PHASE
    Initial swing
    In the early swing phase
    • the hip extends to 10° and then flexes due
    to contraction of the iliopsoas muscle 20°
    with lateral rotation.
    • knee flexes to 40-60°
    • the ankle goes from 20° of plantar
    flexion to dorsiflexion, to end in a neutral
    position.
    Mid swing
    In the midswing phase
    the hip flexes to 30° (by contraction of
    the adductors)
    ankle becomes dorsiflexed due to a
    contraction of the tibialis anterior muscle.
    knee flexes 60°
    Late/terminal swing
    The late swing/declaration phase begins
    with
    hip flexion of 25-30°
    a locked extension of the knee
    a dorsiflexion of the ankle
    Shortening of hip extensors and knee
    flexors
    REFRENCES
    LAST ANATOMY
    MOORE’S CLINICALLY ORIENTED
    ANATOMY
    GRAY’S ANATOMY

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