INTRODUCTION

TO VOTING
Terminologies

• Preferential Voting
– voting via ranking.

• Preference schedule
– table showing the ranking.
1. Plurality Method of Voting

• It is an electoral system
in which each voter can
vote for only one
candidate, and the
candidate who polls
more than any other
counterpart is elected.
 1 Example A
If there are three choices of pizza available for five friends to choose from,
know what flavor will be chosen by using the plurality method of voting.

Name Choice of Pizza

What flavor wins?
Ruben Combo
Tally
Louie Pepperoni Frequency
Angel Combo Combo |||
Combo
3
Bong Cheese Pepperoni |
flavor wins.
Lito Combo 1
Cheese |
 1 Example B
Given the preference schedule below, find the most favored fast food chain of 50
students on campus. Choose plurality method of voting. 1 is the highest and 5 is the
lowest rank.
Fast Food
Chain
Ranking
Which fast food chain wins?
Chow Fung 2 4 4 4 4 5
McRonald 5 5 5 5 5 1
Queen Burger 3 3 1 2 3 2
Jolly Cee 4 2 3 1 1 4
KPC 1 1 2 3 2 3
Number of
Votes
3 2 8 9 10 18
 1 Example B
Fast Food Fast Food First-Place
Ranking
Chain Chain Votes
Chow Fung 2 4 4 4 4 5
McRonald 5 5 5 5 5 1 Chow Fung 0 =0

Queen Burger 3 3 1 2 3 2 = 18
McRonald 18
Jolly Cee 4 2 3 1 1 4
Queen Burger 8 =8 e r
KPC 1 1 2 3 2 3
in n
Number of W
3 2 8 9 10 18 Jolly Cee 9 + 10 = 19
Votes
KPC 3 + 2 =5
2. Plurality with Elimination
• The one that
gets most of
the vote wins
while
considering
the voter’s
alternative.
 2 Example
Local university film students submitted their entries for a film festival. Moviegoers
will choose which film gets the People’s Choice Award. Using the plurality with
elimination method, identify the winner to be declared.

Film Title Ranking

Which film wins?
Mindanao Chronicles 3 1 2 3 1 4

Ang Pagbabalik sa Nakaraan 2 3 1 1 4 3

Marawi: Ang Pagbangon 1 2 4 2 2 1
Ang Probinsya 4 4 3 4 3 2

Number of Votes 25 43 38 35 36 23
 2. Example
Step 1: Eliminate the least number of rank 1 (or none).

Film Title Ranking

Film Title Ranking
Mindanao Chronicles 3 1 2 3 1 4
Mindanao Chronicles 3 1 2 3 1 34
Ang pagbabalik sa Nakaraan 2 3 1 1 4 3
Ang Pagbabalik sa Nakaraan 2 3 1 1 34 23
Marawi: Ang Pagbangon 1 2 4 2 2 1
Marawi: Ang Pagbangon 1 2 4
3 2 2 1
Ang Probinsya 4 4 3 4 3 2
Number of Votes 25 43 38 35 36 23
Number of Votes 25 43 38 35 36 23
Promote behind ranks so that all columns
must only have ranks 1, 2, and 3.
 2. Example
Step 2: Repeat step 3.
Film Title Ranking
Film Title Ranking
Mindanao Chronicles 3 1 2 3 1 3
Mindanao Chronicles 3
2 1 2 23 1 32
Ang Pagbabalik sa Nakaraan 2 3 1 1 3 2
Ang Pagbabalik sa Nakaraan 2
1 3
2 1 1 23 31
Marawi: Ang Pagbangon 1 2 3 2 2 1
Number of Votes 25 43 38 35 36 23
Number of Votes 25 43 38 35 36 23

Promote behind ranks so that all

columns must only have ranks 1 and 2.
 2. Example
Step 3: Add the votes on all rank 1 for each movie.

Film Title Ranking Film Title First-Place Votes

Mindanao Chronicles 2 1 2 2 1 2 Mindanao Chronicles 43 + 36 = 79

Ang Pagbabalik sa Nakaraan 1 2 1 1 2 1 Ang Pagbabalik sa Nakaraan 25 + 38 + 35 + 23 = 121

Number of Votes 25 43 38 35 36 23
 3. Borda – Count Method

• For n number of
candidates in an election,
each candidates receive n
points for each 1st-choice
vote, n-1 points for 2nd-
choice vote, and so on,
with the last-choice vote
receiving one point.
 3. Example
Sixty teachers from Rafael University would like to hold their R & R
outside the city. Three destinations are suggested. They are asked to rank
their preferences. Use the Borda-Count Method to identify their destination.
Refer to the preference schedule below.

Destination Ranking

Malagos Garden Resort 3 1 2 3 1 1

BlueJazz Water Park 2 3 1 1 2 3
Tamayong Prayer Mountain 1 2 3 2 3 2

Number of Votes 9 14 15 4 2 16
 3. Example er
inn
W
Malagos Garden Resort
Destination Ranking
1st
2nd
Malagos Garden Resort 3 1 2 3 1 1
3rd
BlueJazz Water Park 2 3 1 1 2 3 Total 139

Tamayong Prayer Mountain 1 2 3 2 3 2 BlueJazz Water Park

1st
Number of Votes 9 14 15 4 2 16 2nd
3rd
Since, there are only 3 options: Total 109
Rank/Choice Points Tamayong Prayer Mountain
1 3 1st

2 2 2nd
3rd
3 1
Total 112
 4. Pairwise Comparison Voting Method

• The voters rank all candidates

and each of the candidates’ is
compared one-on-one with
other candidates.
• The winner in each match-up
has 1 point, 0.5 means tie, and
0 for the losing candidate.
• After all match-ups, the
candidate with the highest sum
of the points is the winner.
 4.1 Example
A certain organization selects its scholarship grantee having a committee
rank the applicants. Refer to the preference schedule below and use pairwise
comparison voting method to identify the grantee among four student
applicants.
Student Ranking

Juan Dela Cruz 3 4 2 1 2

Jose Alonzo 1 2 3 4 3
Bert San Pedro 2 3 1 2 4
Maria Cortes 4 1 4 3 1
Number of
Votes
10 15 8 9 8
 4.1 Example

Student Ranking Only include top 1 and 2.

Juan Dela Cruz 3 4 2 1 2 Juan vs. Jose Jose vs. Bert
Juan Jose Winner
Jose Alonzo 1 2 3 4 3 Jose
Tie
Bert

Bert San Pedro 2 3 1 2 4

Juan vs. Bert Jose vs. Maria
Maria Cortes 4 1 4 3 1 Juan Jose
Number of Bert Winner Maria Winner
Votes
10 15 8 9 8
Juan vs. Maria Bert vs. Maria
Juan Winner Bert Winner
Maria Maria
 4.1 Example
versus Juan Jose Bert Maria
Construct a table and get the Juan/Jose Bert Juan
sum the points of each candidate. Juan --- (0.5) (1) (1)
Jose Maria
Jose --- --- (1) (1)
Juan vs. Jose Jose vs. Bert Bert
Bert --- --- --- (1)
Juan Jose Winner
Tie
Jose Bert Maria --- --- --- ---
Juan vs. Bert Jose vs. Maria
Juan Jose
Candidates Total Points
Bert Winner Maria Winner Juan
Wi n
Juan vs. Maria Bert vs. Maria
ner Jose
Juan Winner Bert Winner
Bert
Maria Maria Maria
 5. Flaws of Voting
Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem:
It is mathematically impossible to create any system of voting with
three or more candidates that satisfy all four criteria.
If a candidate receives the majority of the vote, that candidate should be the
Majority Criterion
winner.
If candidate A wins an election and, in a subsequent election, the only changes
Monotonicity Criterion are changes in favor of the candidate A, then candidate A should be declared the
winner.
This is sometimes referred to as Condorcet criterion. If candidate A wins when
Head-to-Head Criterion compared head-to-head with each other candidates, then candidate A should be
declared the winner.
If candidate A wins an election and, in a recount, the only changes are that one
Irrelevant Alternatives
or more of the losing candidates withdraw the race, then candidate A should be
Criterion
declared the winner.
End of slides…

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