ME 211: BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1
Introduction and Basic
1.1 Definition
Concepts
1.2 System, Surroundings and Boundary
1.3 Properties of the System
1.4 Process: Concept and Classification
1.5 Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Engr. John Philip T. Nadal
1.1 Definition
THERMODYNAMICS is a branch of science which deals
with energy transfer and its effects on properties (physical and
chemical) of the substance.
Amount of heat (or work) transfer taking place while arriving
at one state from another is the main concern in thermodynamics.

THERMODYNAMICS = Thermo + Dynamics

(heat) (motion)

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1.2 System, Surroundings and Boundary
System- fixed mass or region in a space (control volume) where
our study is focused.
Surroundings- everything external to the system. The part of
the surrounding which is affected by the system is known as the
immediate surrounding.
Boundary- it is real or imaginary surface that separates system
from surroundings. It can be fixed or movable

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 1.2 System, Surroundings and Boundary
TYPES OF SYSTEMS:
CLOSED SYSTEM- it is a OPEN SYSTEM- it is a type ISOLATED SYSTEM- it is a
type of system in which only of system in which both type of system in which
energy interactions and no energy and mass interaction neither energy nor mass
mass interactions take place. takes place. Also known as interaction takes place.
Also known as Control Control Volume.
Mass.

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1.3 Properties of the System
Any characteristic of the system is known as the property of
the system.
INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Intensive (or Intrinsic) Properties- properties which are
independent of the mass system.
Examples: density, pressure, temperature
Extensive (or Extrinsic) Properties- properties which are
dependent of the mass system.
Examples: volume, enthalpy, entropy, kinetic energy, potential
energy
All specific properties are intensive such as specific volume,
specific entropy, specific enthalpy, etc.

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1.4 Process: Concept and Classification
STATE- Any condition of the system.
PROCESS- Any change of state.
PROCESS PATH- The infinite states through which the system
passes while going from initial state to the final state.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESSES:

QUASI-STATIC PROCESS- Is a kind of process that occurs

infinitely slow. Represented by joined lines on property diagrams.

NON QUASI-STATIC PROCESS- Is a kind of process that does

not occurs infinitely slow. Represented by dashed lines on
property diagrams.

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1.4 Process: Concept and Classification

REVERSIBLE PROCESS- Is a kind of process which can be

reversed in direction following the same path and without leaving
any effect on the system and surroundings.
IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS- Is a kind of process that is not
reversible.

Key Points:
• All quasi-static processes are not reversible, but all reversible
processes are quasi-static.
• Quasi-static compression and expansion of a gas is a reversible
process.

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1.5 Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Temperature, T- is a measure of hotness or coldness of a
body.
-used to indicate the amount of energy within the molecules of the
substance.
-SI system is the Celsius scale (formerly called the centigrade
scale; in 1948 it was renamed after the Swedish Astronomer, A.
Celsius, 1702-1744, who devised it).
-English system is the Fahrenheit scale (named after the German
instrument maker, G. Fahrenheit, 1686-1736).

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1.5 Thermodynamics Fundamentals
• The thermodynamic temperature scale in the SI is the Kelvin
scale, named after Lord Kelvin (1824-1907). The temperature
unit on this scale is the kelvin, which is designated by K (not °K;
the degree symbol was officially dropped from kelvin in 1967)
• The thermodynamic temperature scale in the English System is
the Rankine scale, named after William Rankine (1820-1872).
The temperature unit on this scale is the rankine, which is
designated by °R.
ABSOLUTE ZERO:
• Absolute zero is .
• You cannot have a temperature lower than absolute zero.
• Think of absolute zero as the temperature at which atoms are
“frozen” or molecular movement ceases.
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1.5 Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Arbitrary Scale:
• Fahrenheit ()
• Celsius ()

Absolute Value:
• Rankine ()
• Kelvin ()

:
𝟗
℉ = ℃+𝟑𝟐
𝟓
𝟓
℃=( ℉ −𝟑𝟐 ) ×
𝟗

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Sample Problems
1. A new temperature scale is desired with freezing point of water at
and boiling occurring at . Derive a conversion between and . What is
the absolute in ?
Solution:
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
℃ −° 𝑋
𝟎 −𝟎
By interpolation:
100 −0 10 0 0 −0
=
℃ −0 ° 𝑋−0

° 𝑿 =𝟏𝟎℃

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Sample Problems
2. During a heating process, the temperature of a system rises by .
Express this rise of temperature in K, °F, and R.

Solution:
∆ 𝑻 ( 𝑲 )=∆ 𝑻 ( ℃ )=𝟏𝟎 𝐊

∆ 𝑻 ( ° 𝑹 ) =𝟏.𝟖 ∆ 𝑻 ( 𝑲 )=𝟏.𝟖 ( 𝟏𝟎 )=𝟏𝟖° 𝐑

∆ 𝑻 ( ° 𝑹 ) =∆ 𝑻 ( 𝑭 ) =𝟏𝟖° 𝐅

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1.5 Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Units of Force and Mass
Newton’s Second Law of Motion:
States that if an unbalanced force acts in a body, the
body will accelerate in the direction of the unbalanced force, and
the acceleration will be proportional to the unbalanced force and
inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
𝒎
𝑭= 𝒂
𝒌
SI Units:
1 Newton force requires 1 kg mass to accelerate 1 m/s2
(k value equal to unity but not dimensionless)
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒎
1 𝑁= × 2 𝒌= × 𝟐
𝑘 𝑠 𝑵 𝒔
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English Units:
1 Pound of force requires 1 slug of mass to accelerate 1 ft/s2
(k value equal to unity but not dimensionless)
1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡 𝟏 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 𝒇𝒕
1 𝑙 𝑏𝑓 = × 2 𝒌= × 𝟐
𝑘 𝑠 𝒍 𝒃𝒇 𝒔
CGS Units:
1 dyne of force requires 1 gram of mass to accelerate 1 cm/s2
(k value equal to unity but not dimensionless)
1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝟏 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝒄𝒎
1 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒= × 2 𝒌= ×
𝑘 𝑠 𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆 𝒔
𝟐

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Situation where k value is not unity:
MKS Units:
1 kg force requires 1 kg mass to accelerate 9.806 m/s2
1𝑘 𝑔𝑚 𝑚 𝟗 .𝟖𝟎𝟔 𝒌 𝒈 𝒎 𝒎
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑓 = ×9.806 𝒌=
𝑘 𝑠2 𝒌 𝒈𝒇 𝒔
𝟐

English Units:
1 Pound of force requires 1 pound of mass to accelerate 32.174 ft/s2
1 𝑙 𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑙 𝑏𝑓 = × 32.174 2 𝒌= 𝟑𝟐 .𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒍 𝒃𝒎 𝒇𝒕
𝑘 𝑠 𝒍 𝒃𝒇 𝒔
𝟐
CGS Units:
1 gram of force requires 1 gram of mass to accelerate 980.6 cm/s2
1 𝑔𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝟗𝟖𝟎 . 𝟔 𝒈 𝒎 𝒄𝒎
1 𝑔𝑓 = × 980.6 𝒌=
𝑘 𝑠
2
𝒈𝒇 𝒔
𝟐

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Unit Conversion: English Units
1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡 𝑙 𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡
MKS Units to SI Units =32.174
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
2
𝑙 𝑏 𝑓 𝑠
2

1𝑘 𝑔𝑚 𝑚 9.806 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚 𝟏 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈=𝟑𝟐 .𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒍 𝒃𝒎

=
𝑁 𝑠 2
𝑘𝑔 𝑓 𝑠
2
CGS Units
𝟏 𝒌 𝒈 𝒇 =𝟗 .𝟖𝟎𝟔 𝑵 𝑔 𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝑔𝑚 𝑐𝑚
1 =980.6
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑠
2
𝑔 𝑓 𝑠2
MKS Units to English Units 𝟏𝒈 𝒇 =𝟗𝟖𝟎. 𝟔𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆𝒔
9.806 𝑘 𝑔𝑚 𝑚 32.174 𝑙 𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡 1𝑚 1 𝑘 𝑔𝑚
= × ×
𝑘 𝑔𝑓 𝑠
2
𝑙 𝑏𝑓 𝑠 3.28 𝑓𝑡 2.205 𝑙 𝑏𝑚
2

𝟏 𝒌 𝒈 𝒇 =𝟐 .𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝒍 𝒃 𝒇
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1.5 Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Mass and Weight:
The mass of a body is the absolute quantity of matter in it,
while weight is the force of gravity on the body or force exerted by
the body against the ground.
𝒎 𝑭 𝑭𝒈 Note: At the surface
= = or near the surface of
𝒌 𝒂 𝒈 the earth k and g are
numerically equal.
Weight on Earth vs Weight on Moon
In this case, consider the mass on earth equal to the mass
on moon
𝑊 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡h=𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡h 𝑔 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡h
𝑾 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝑾 𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒏
𝑊 𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛 =𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛 =
𝒈 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒏
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛 =𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡h
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Sample Problems
1. A mass of 0.10 slug in space is subjected to an external vertical
force of 4 lb, if local gravity of acceleration is 30.5 ft/s2 and friction
effects are neglected, determine the acceleration of the mass if the
external vertical force is acting (a) upward and (b) downward.
Solution:
(a) upward 𝑚 (a) downward
F
𝑊 =𝐹 =
𝑘
0.10 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑎=
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡

2
(30.5 𝑠 )
2
F 𝑚
𝑙 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠 𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑊 =3.05 𝑙 𝑏 𝑓 𝑘
0.10 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑚 4+ 3.05= (𝑎)
𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑘 2
𝑙 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑠
W 0.10 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 W 𝟐
4 −3.05= ( 𝑎) 𝒂=𝟕𝟎 .𝟓 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 − 𝑓𝑡
2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 −𝑠
𝟐
𝒂=𝟗 .𝟓 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔

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1.5 Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Specific Volume, :
is defined as the volume per unit mass.
3 3
𝑽 𝟏 𝑓𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑚 𝐿
𝒗= = 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟
𝒎 𝝆 𝑙 𝑏𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘 𝑔 𝑚 𝑘 𝑔𝑚
Common Unit Conversions:
3
1 𝑓 𝑡 =7.481 𝑔𝑎𝑙
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙=3.7854 𝐿
3
1 000 𝐿=1 𝑚
3
1 𝐿=1000 𝑐 𝑚
1 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚=55 𝑔𝑎𝑙 (𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑚 , 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑)
1 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙=42 𝑔𝑎𝑙(𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠
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Specific Weight or Weight Density, :
is defined as the force exerted by gravity per unit volume.
𝑾 𝒎𝒈 Note:
𝜸= = =𝝆 𝒈 1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔=32.174 𝑙 𝑏 =14.594 𝑘𝑔
𝑽 𝑽 𝑚

Specific Gravity or Relative Density, :

is the ratio of the mass density of a substance to the mass
density of an equal volume of water at 4°C (temp. where water
attain its maximum density).
𝝆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑺𝑮=
𝝆 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

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Sample Problems
1. The mass of air in a room 3 m x 5 m x 20 m is known to be 350
kg. Determine the density, specific volume and specific weight of the
air.
Solution:
𝑚 350 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
𝜌= = =𝟏 . 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟑
𝑉 ( 3 𝑚 )( 5 𝑚 ) ( 20 𝑚 ) 𝒎
𝟑
1 1 𝒎
𝑣= = =𝟎 . 𝟖𝟓𝟕
𝜌 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
1.167 3
𝑚
𝛾 =𝜌 𝑔=1.167
𝑘𝑔
𝑚
3(9.806
𝑚
𝑠)2
=𝟏𝟏 . 𝟒𝟓
𝑵
𝒎
𝟑
=𝟎 .𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟓
𝒌𝑵
𝒎
𝟑

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Sample Problems
2. A tank contains a mixture of 20 kg nitrogen and 20 kg of carbon
monoxide. The total tank volume is 20 m3. Determine the density and
specific volume of the mixture.
Solution:
𝑚 2 0 𝑘𝑔+20 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
𝜌= = =𝟐
𝑉 20 𝑚
3
𝒎
𝟑

𝟑
1 1 𝒎
𝑣= = =𝟎 .𝟓
𝜌 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
2 3
𝑚

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