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Lectures 21 23

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28 views37 pages

Lectures 21 23

Uploaded by

avaldiri768
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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More about

functions and
modules
Topics

• Designing a Program to Use Functions

• List methods and useful built-in functions

• math module

• random module
Defining and Calling a Function
(cont’d.)
• main function: called when the program starts
• Calls other functions when they are needed

• Defines the mainline logic of the program

• Top-down design: technique for breaking algorithm


into functions
Designing a Program to Use
Functions (cont’d.)
• Hierarchy chart: depicts relationship between
functions
• AKA structure chart

• Box for each function in the program, Lines connecting


boxes illustrate the functions called by each function
• Does not show steps taken inside a function
Designing a Program to Use
Functions (cont’d.)
Example
Example
Example

Nested version
List Methods and Useful Built-
in Functions

• We learned how to define lists and perform


some basic operations on them via indexing.
• Examples of functions we used
• len()
• append()
• list()
List Methods and Useful Built-
in Functions
• index(item): used to determine where an item is
located in a list
• Returns the index of the first element in the list containing
item
• Raises ValueError exception if item not in the list
List Methods and Useful Built-
in Functions (cont’d.)
• insert(index, item): used to insert item at
position index in the list
• sort(): used to sort the elements of the list in
ascending order
• remove(item): removes the first occurrence of
item in the list
• reverse(): reverses the order of the elements in
the list
List Methods and Useful Built-
in Functions (cont’d.)
• del statement: removes an element from a specific
index in a list
• General format: del list[i]

• min and max functions: built-in functions that


returns the item that has the lowest or highest value
in a sequence
• The sequence is passed as an argument
Example
Example
Example
Copying Lists

• To make a copy of a list you must copy each element


of the list
• Three methods to do this:
• Creating a new empty list and using a for loop to add a copy of
each element from the original list to the new list
• Creating a new empty list and concatenating the old list to the
new empty list
• Using the copy function
Example
• Wrong way: one list is modified directly but both lists
are affected
Copying Lists (cont’d.)
Example
• Correct way: using copy function
The math Module

• math module: part of standard library that contains


functions that are useful for performing
mathematical calculations
• Typically accept one or more values as arguments,
perform mathematical operation, and return the result
• Use of module requires an import math statement
The math Module (cont’d.)
The math Module (cont’d.)
• The math module defines variables pi and e, which
are assigned the mathematical values for pi and e
• Can be used in equations that require these values, to get
more accurate results
• Variables must also be called using the dot notation
• Example:
circle_area = math.pi * radius**2

More functions can be found here


https://docs.python.org/3/library/
math
.html
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Generating Random Numbers
• Random number are useful in a lot of programming
tasks
• random module: includes library functions for
working with random numbers
• Dot notation: notation for calling a function
belonging to a module
• Format: module_name.function_name()
Generating Random Numbers
(cont’d.)
• randint function: generates a random number in
the range provided by the arguments
• Returns the random number to part of program that
called the function
• Returned integer can be used anywhere that an integer
would be used
• You can experiment with the function in interactive mode
Generating Random Numbers
(cont’d.)
Generating Random Numbers
(cont’d.)
Example
Generating Random Numbers
(cont’d.)
• randrange function: similar to range function,
but returns randomly selected integer from the
resulting sequence
• Same arguments as for the range function
• random function: returns a random float in the
range of 0.0 and 1.0
• Does not receive arguments
• uniform function: returns a random float but
allows user to specify range
Example
Example
Example
Example

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