CHARACTERISTIC ATTITUDES OF A

RESEARCHER
A. CURIOSITY

Curiosity — a state of active

interest or genuinely wanting to
know more about something
 A. IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING
SCIENTIFIC CURIOSITY

 - allows you to embrace

unfamiliar circumstances, giving
you a greater opportunity to
experience discovery and joy.
Indeed, studies show that life is
better when you're curious.
 B. Intellectual honesty

 We have a moral duty to be honest. This

duty is especially important when we share
ideas that can inform or persuade others.
Intellectual honesty is honesty in the
acquisition, analysis, and transmission of
ideas. A person is being intellectually honest
when he or she, knowing the truth, states
that truth.
B. Intellectual honesty

● Characteristics of
intellectually honest
researcher
 ● Characteristics of intellectually
honest researcher
The key to Intellectual honesty is to be
able to accept another point of view if
the data and evidence supports it.
 Perfect example of intellectual honesty.
 Journalist: Do you believe that climate change is man
made?
 Republican Senator answered: I don’t know, I am not a
scientist. Look it’s snowing out there today.
 ● Characteristics of intellectually
honest researcher
Intellectual honesty requires you to be
opened and honest as you
communicate with others.
 Intellectual honesty entails a duty of
truthfulness.
Good faith is the virtue of truthfulness.
 ● Characteristics of intellectually
honest researcher
Intellectual honesty is a personal
commitment to search for the truth
by examining the evidence and
thinking rationally, to tell the truth,
and to act according to the truth.
 ● Ethics in reporting data and using
other references

The reporting of data should

be done with honesty and
integrity, and every effort should
be made to report data in the
scientifically most accurate
method.
 ● Ethics in reporting data and using
other references

 Principles for research ethics

 Discuss intellectual property frankly. ...
 Follow informed-consent rules. ...
 Respect confidentiality and privacy. ...
 Tap into ethics resources
 ● Ethics in reporting data and using
other references
As a researcher, are ethically
obligated to ensure that you
maintain the confidentiality in the
responses that you gather from your
respondents.
 ● Ethics in reporting data and using
other references

You should also ensure that you

maintain privacy with regards to
any personal information that has
been shared by your respondents.
c. Open Mindedness

 Open-mindedness – is the willingness

to search actively for evidence against
one’s favored beliefs, plans or goals
and to weigh such evidence fairly
when it is available.
Importance of Developing Open- Mindedness in
Science

Put our differences aside

Cooperate to progress as individuals
and as a community or society
Step outside your comfort zone
Think about problems in new ways
D. Objectivity
E. Perseverance
 Objectivity
 characteristics of objectivity
 validity and reliability

 Perseverance
 importance of developing perseverance in science
 ways to develop learner’s perseverance in science
Basic Science Process Skills

 Basic Science Process Skills

 A. Observing
 1. processes of observing :
• qualitative
• quantitative
• change
Basic Science Process Skills

2. importance of observation in the

empirical nature of science:
• detailed description of object
• detailed description of an event
• detailed description of a
community/hab
 DIFFERENTIATE OBSERVATION FROM
INFERENCE
 Observation Definition
 Anobservation is something that you experience
directly, through one of your five senses (sight,
hearing, smell, taste, and touch). Observations
do not involve making assumptions, guessing or
otherwise assigning meaning beyond what you
directly experience. They are fact-based, as they
only include your direct experience.
Scientific Observation Examples

 Inscience, observation is happening all the time.

The scientist might be observing a cell structure
under a microscope or watching genetically
modified plants grow. A few other scientific
observation examples include the following:
 Air flight controllers watching their monitors for
airplane movements and locations
A botanist recording daily data on plant growth
after looking and measuring each day
Scientific Observation Examples
A meteorologist watching the Doppler radar as a
storm approaches (Doppler radar is defined as a
tracking system that uses the Doppler effect to
determine the change in the frequency, movement and
location of sounds, objects, waves of light, storms and
other weather elements).
A chart showing data collected over time
Adoctor watching a patient's reaction to a
medication
Picture of a doppler radar
Inference Definition

 Aninference is a conclusion that you reach after

an observation. It is what you think or decide
about something that you have observed.
Inferences involve drawing conclusions in order to
assign meaning to what was observed. Inferences
are based on other information beyond just the
observation, such as context clues, past
experience, or other factors.
Examples of Inference

 An inference is a conclusion that has been reached

by way of evidence and reasoning. For example, if
you notice someone making a disgusted face after
they've taken a bite of their lunch, you can infer
that they do not like it.


Award Winning Inferences Teaching Video | What is a
n ... - YouTube
 https://www.youtube.com › watc
3 examples of an inference?
We draw inferences all the time when we say things like:

 “Idon't see Anne. She said she was tired, so

she must have gone home to bed.”
 “Sarah's been at the gym a lot; she must be
trying to lose weight.”
 “Jacko is a dog, and all dogs love belly
rubs. So Jacko must love belly rubs.”
1. Classifying

 What does classifying mean in science?

 Classifying is an investigative approach that
involves sorting objects or events into
groups or categories. Classification and
identification are important because they
allow us to better understand relationships
and connections between things. They also
help scientists to communicate clearly with
each other
 QUARTER 2 LESSONS
FOR TEACHER: CONTENT STANDARD

The learner demonstrates understanding

of the integrated science process skills
such as describing relationships of
variables in research, developing scientific
questions, formulating
hypotheses which are needed in planning
an experiment.
Performance standard

The learner should be able to

design a simple science
experiment
using the identified
variables on a
researchable problem.
Objective No. 1

 1.
distinguish variables depending on their
uses in planning a simple science experiment
 2. explain the relationship between variables
 3.develop a research problem/question and
formulate hypothesis based on the setting
and context of the environment
 4.
design a simple science experiment based
on the formulated research problem/
question.
What are the integrated science processes skills?

 The five aspects of Basic Science Process Skills are:

 1. observing,
 2. classifying,
 3. communicating,
 4.identifying,
 5. and predicting,
1. observing

 BASIC SKILLS
 1. Skill--Observation
 Making observations is fundamental to all learning.
Observations are made by using one or more of the
five senses. When observations are made to
accumulate data from which inferences will be
drawn, the precision of the observations is critical.
Precision is often improved by making quantitative
observations.
Science process skills - communicating

 Communicating - using words or graphic

symbols to describe an action, object or
event. Example: Describing the change in
height of a plant over time in writing or
through a graph. Classifying - grouping or
ordering objects or events into categories
based on properties or criteria.
communication

 In order to communicate observations, accurate

records must be kept which can be submitted for
checking and re-checking by others.
Accumulated records and their analysis may be
represented in many ways. Graphic
representations are often used since they are
clear, concise and meaningful. Complete and
understandable experimental reports are
essential to scientific communication .
Graphic representaion

Graphical representation refers

to the use of charts and graphs
to visually display, analyze,
clarify, and interpret numerical
data, functions, and other
qualitative structures
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION

 Line Graphs – Line graph or the linear graph is used to

display the continuous data and it is useful for predicting
future events over time.
 Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category of
data and it compares the data using solid bars to represent
the quantities.
 Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the
frequency of numerical data that are organised into
intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and continuous,
all the bars have the same width.
 Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given
number line. ‘ x ‘ is placed above a number line each time
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
 Frequency Table – The table shows the number of pieces of
data that falls within the given interval.
 Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the
relationships of the parts of the whole. The circle is
considered with 100% and the categories occupied is
represented with that specific percentage like 15%, 56%, etc.
 Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are
organised from least value to the greatest value. The digits of
the least place values from the leaves and the next place
value digit forms the stems.
 Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarises the
data by dividing into four parts. Box and whisker show the
range (spread) and the middle ( median) of the data.
 GRAPH
What is a Graph?
A graph can be defined as a pictorial
representation or a diagram that
represents data or values in an
organized manner. The points on the
graph often represent the relationship
between two or more things.
 GRAPH
 Most Common Types of Graphs to
Communicate Data Points With Impact
 Bar graph
 Line graph
 Pie graph
 Pictograph
 Bar graph - A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are
represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width.
 line graph - is a graphical representation of
information that changes over a period of time. It
is a chart made by joining points using line segments
A pie chart or pie graph is a type of graph that represents the
data in the circular graph. The slices of pie show the relative
size of the data
A Pictograph - is a pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs were
used as the earliest known form of writing, examples having been
discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 BC .
3 aspects of Integrated Science Skills:

 1. identifying variables,
2. formulating hypotheses,
3. and interpreting data.
What are the variables in a science experiment?

There are many items that could be

altered to test the reaction of another.
These changing quantities are called
variables. A variable is any factor, trait,
or condition that can exist in differing
amounts or types. An experiment usually
has three kinds of
variables: independent, dependent, and
controlled.
INDEPENDENT, DEPENDENT, CONTROLLED

 Independent variable – the variable that is

altered during a scientific experiment.
 Dependent variable – the variable being tested
or measured during a scientific experiment.
 Controlled variable – a variable that is
kept the same during a scientific
experiment.
Q2 3. develop a research problem/question
and formulate hypothesis based on the
setting and context of the environment


A Research Problem or question – is the

main question that you study and you
are seeking to answer. A clear research
question guides your research paper
and state exactly what you want to
find out, giving your work a focus.
Research Problem
A good research problem not only clarifies the
writing in your study; it also provides your
readers with a clear focus and facilitates their
understanding of your research topic, as well
as outlining your study’s objectives.
Before performing your science research
work, you should write a concise or clear
statement of what this study intends to
accomplish or reveal.
A good research question must be:
 1. be clear and provide specific
information – so readers can easily
understand the purpose.
 2. be focused in its scope and narrow
enough to be addressed in the space
allowed by your paper.
 3. be relevant and concise – express
your main ideas in as few words as
possible.
A good research question must be:
 4.be precise and complex – enough that
it does not simply answer a closed ‘yes or
no’ question, but requires an analysis of
arguments and literature prior to its being
considered acceptable.
 5.
be a arguable or testable – so that
answers to the research question are
open to scrutiny and specific questions.