SYSTEM CONCEPTS

AND ENVIRONMENT
ISDI ASSIGNMENT
BCA-II
POST GRADUATION GOVERNMENT COLLEGE-46
 INTRODUCTION

 THE WORD SYSTEM IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD “SYSTEMA” WHICH
MEANS THE ORGANIZED RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE FUNTIONAL UNIT.
 A "SYSTEM" CAN REFER TO A WIDE RANGE OF CONCEPTS DEPENDING ON THE
CONTEXT. GENERALLY, IT DESCRIBES A SET OF INTERCONNECTED COMPONENTS
THAT WORK TOGETHER AS A WHOLE. HERE ARE FEW TYPES OF SYSTEM
• EDUCATION SYSTEM
• POLITICAL SYSTEM
 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SYSTEM

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

POLITICAL SYSTEM
 CHARACTERSTICS OF SYSTEM
• BASIC COMPONENTS
• INTERACTION AND STRUCTURE
• GOAL
• BEHAVIOR
• LIFE CYCLE
 BASIC COMPONENTS

The basic elements of the system which are interrelated, are the basic
components of the system. So these basic elements are nothing but the
identifiable and moving parts of the system.
• EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM:- Students, Teacher, Books, Computers
• COMPUTER SYSTEM:- Monitor, CPU, Keyboard
 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

COMPUTER SYSTEM
 INTERACTION AND STRUCTURE

• Interaction refers to the way components or elements within a system

affect one another. It encompasses the exchanges, communications, or
impacts that occur between different parts of a system.
• Structure refers to the arrangement and organization of components within
a system. It defines how different parts are organized and related to each
other.
 GOAL

• CENTRAL OBJECTIVE: Central objective means the common goal,

because without common goal system will start moving in all direction.
As a result coordination among all the parts (Components) will be lost.
• INTEGRATION: It is combination work of all the components in order to
achieve the goal of the system. There must be coordination among all
parts of the system.
• SYNERGISTIC EFFECT: From the integration, it is clear that the system
has to be viewed as “whole”. This effect is called “synergistic effect”.
 BEHAVIOR
The behavior of a system refers to how the system responds to inputs or
changes over time, reflecting how its components interact according to its
structure. Understanding system behavior involves analyzing how a system
functions, adapts, and evolves.
 LIFE CYCLE
Every system has life cycle and according to human life it has birth that is
evolution, life, repairs and finally the end of the existence of the system
(death).
 ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM
All the characteristics of the system are determined by the system elements,
their properties and relationships. The system elements are:
• INPUT
• PROCESSOR
• OUTPUT
These elements are common to all the systems. These are the elements be
which all system are described. They are set in a fixed position which helps the
system analyst to design and work with system more easily.
 INPUT
It is defined as energizing or start up component on which system operates.
It may be raw material, data, physical source, knowledge or any energy to
decide the nature of output.
 PROCESSOR
The processor is an integrated circuit that executes instructions from
software programs by performing basic arithmetic, logical, control, and
input/output operations. It orchestrates the operations of the computer
system, processes data, and ensures that all components function together
correctly.
 OUTPUT
It is the end result of the operation. In other words it is the purpose or the
main objective for which the system is designed. Though output is largely
dependent on input, its nature or format may vary vastly from the input.
 INFORMATION SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

In order to build any system only the knowledge of its elements does not serve the
purpose, there should be fundamental clarity of some important concepts which are
essential to build the efficient system & to keep it in equilibrium.
The major concepts are:
• Boundary & environment
• Subsystem
• Interface
• Feedback control
• Black box
 BOUNDARY & ENVIRONMENT
Every system has its limits that determine the sphere of influence & control
is called as Boundary of the system. Everything within the circumscribed
space is called system & everything outside it is environment. Flow from
environment to the system is its input while a flow from system to its
environment is the output. Boundary of the system may exist physically or
conceptually.
 SUBSYSTEM
A complex system is difficult to implement when consider as a whole.
However if we divide it into smaller functional units which are of
manageable sizes then every small function unit becomes a subsystem. In
the formation of subsystem the components performing same or similar
functions are grouped.
 INTERFACE
The interconnections & interactions among the subsystems are termed as
interfaces. In fact each interface implies a communication path. Number of
interfaces increase with number of subsystems.
 FEEDBACK CONTROL

In order to improve the performance of any system feedback control

mechanism can be used as a tool or device to control or modify the input of
the system after analyzing the output properly.
 BLACK BOX

Black box is the subsystems at lowest level where the inputs are defined,
outputs are determined but the processor of the system is not defined means
it difficult to understand how the transformation of input to output takes
place.
 TYPES OF THE SYSTEM
We will have comparative study of different types of system:
• Conceptual & Physical system
• Natural & Artificial systems
• Open & Closed systems
• Deterministic & probabilistic system
• Integrated system
 CONCEPTUAL & PHYSICAL SYSTEM

• CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM: A conceptual system is an abstract model or

framework used to understand, describe, or analyze a particular domain or
phenomenon. It is not tied to physical objects but rather to ideas, theories,
or mental constructs.
• PHYSICAL SYSTEM: A physical system refers to tangible, real-world
entities that can be observed and interacted with. These systems consist of
physical components and exhibit behaviors governed by natural laws.
 NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS

• NATURAL SYSTEM: Natural systems are those that occur in nature

without human intervention. They are formed through natural processes
and consist of elements that exist and interact according to the laws of
nature.
• ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM: Artificial systems are human-made and designed
for specific purposes or functions. They are created using human
knowledge, technology, and engineering.
 OPEN & CLOSED SYSTEMS

• OPEN SYSTEM: Open systems exchange matter, energy, or information

with their environment. They are characterized by continuous interaction
with external factors, which can affect their state and behavior.
• CLOSED SYSTEM: Closed systems have minimal or no exchange of
matter with their environment, though they may exchange energy or
information. They are more self-contained and isolated compared to open
systems.
 DETERMINISTIC & PROBABILISTIC SYSTEM

• DETERMINISTIC SYSTEM: Deterministic systems are characterized by

their predictability and lack of randomness. Given a specific set of initial
conditions and inputs, a deterministic system will always produce the same
output or behavior. This predictability is often due to the system being
governed by precise rules or equations.
• PROBABILISTIC SYSTEM: Probabilistic systems, on the other hand,
involve elements of randomness and uncertainty. The behavior of these
systems cannot be predicted with certainty, but rather in terms of
probabilities or statistical measures.
 INTEGRATED SYSTEM

• INTEGRATED SYSTEM: An integrated system refers to a setup where

various components or subsystems work together harmoniously to
function as a unified whole. Integration aims to ensure that these parts
operate in a coordinated manner, improving efficiency, performance, and
functionality. Integrated systems can be found across various domains,
including technology, business, and engineering.
 MANAGEMET LEVELS IN AN ORGANIZATION

In any organization, management is structured across multiple levels, each with

distinct roles and responsibilities. This hierarchical structure ensures that strategic
objectives are effectively translated into actionable plans and executed efficiently.
Understanding the different management levels is essential for grasping how
organizations operate, make decisions, and achieve their goals.
There are 4 different management levels in an Organization:
1) EIS 3) MIS

2) DSS 4) TPS
 EIS
(EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM)

It is structured & automated system provides rapid access to timely information

& management reports. This system is supported with online information
services such as electronic mail to keep the management updated with all
current happenings in major areas.
Main features:
I. User-friendly
II. Fast
III. Updated with graphics & reports
 DSS
(DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM)
• Functions:
i. This system makes use of internal data from MIS for studying trends
ii. External data collected from environment to understand the environment.
• Benefits :
i. It helps to prepare analytical & planning models.
ii. It assists top level management in decision making.
iii. Used in production planning control system
 MIS
(MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM)
• Functions:
i. It makes use of output from the TPS as input and generates meaningful reports.
ii. Application areas: Marketing, production, personnel departments.
• Benefits:
i. Helps in planning.
ii. Helps in decision making.
iii. Suitable for analysis
 TPS
(TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM)
• Functions:
i. It updates history files and generates detailed transaction reports.
ii. It prepares summarized & processed transaction.
iii. Application areas: Banking system, Sales accounting system.
• Benefits:
i. Stores all transactions and helps to trace out the problem.
ii. Gives current status of all the organizational entities.
 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURED METHODOLOGIES

A system development methodology is an orderly & integrated collection of

various methods, tools & techniques.
There are many approaches to the development of computer system, such as
• System development life cycle(SDLC)
• Structured system analysis & design method (SSADM)
• System prototype method (SPM)
 SDLC
(SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE)
Framework for developing, implementing, and maintaining information systems.
• Key Activities
• Requirement Analysis: Define what the system should do.
• System Design: Plan the system architecture and design.
• Implementation: Build and test the system.
• Testing: Validate the system’s functionality and performance.
• Deployment: Release the system to users.
• Maintenance: Ongoing support and updates.
 SSADM
(STRUCTURED SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN METHOD)

Methodology for analyzing and designing information systems with a focus on detailed
documentation and rigorous analysis.
• Key Activities
1. Feasibility Study: Assess project viability.
2. Requirements Analysis: Gather and document requirements.
3. Logical Design: Develop a detailed blueprint based on requirements.
4. Physical Design: Translate logical design into physical implementation plans.
5. Implementation: Build, test, and deploy the system.
6. Maintenance: Provide ongoing support and updates.
 SPM
(SYSTEM PROTOTYPE METHOD)
Manage and oversee software projects to ensure successful delivery on time, within
budget, and to quality standards.
• Project Planning: Define scope, create work breakdown structure, and develop
schedules.
• Project Execution: Manage tasks, resources, and quality.
• Monitoring and Controlling: Track progress, manage risks, and handle changes.
• Project Closure: Finalize deliverables, review performance, and document
lessons learned.
 PRESENTED BY:
BHUSHAN GARG
PUNEET BAGGA
SHIVAM GOYAL
MANISH CHOUDHARY