GURUNANAK INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

NAME : EPSHITA MOITRA

REG. NO. :233112410015 OF 2023-24
Roll. NO. :31140423015
SEMESTER :3RD SEMESTER(2ND YEAR)
SUBJECT NAME :OPERATING SYSTEM AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SUBJECT CODE :FYCYS302
STREAM :BSC.CYBER SECURITY
INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING
SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY
EPSHITA MOITRA
 INTRODUCTION
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that is designed to manage and organize data in a structured
manner. It allows users to create, modify, and query a database, as well as manage the security and access controls for that
database.DBMS provides an environment to store and retrieve the data in convenient and efficient manner
• Data modeling: A DBMS provides tools for creating and modifying data models, which
define the structure and relationships of the data in a database.
• Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is responsible for storing and retrieving data from
the database, and can provide various methods for searching and querying the data.
• Concurrency control: A DBMS provides mechanisms for controlling concurrent access
to the database, to ensure that multiple users can access the data without conflicting with
each other.
• Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides tools for enforcing data integrity and
security constraints, such as constraints on the values of data and access controls that
restrict who can access the data.
• Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for backing up and recovering the
data in the event of a system failure.
• RDBMS: Data is organized in the form of tables and each table has a set of rows and
columns. The data are related to each other through primary and foreign keys.
• NoSQL: Data is organized in the form of key-value pairs, documents, graphs, or column-
based. These are designed to handle large-scale, high-performance scenarios.
 IMPORTANCE OF
OS
The Operating System (OS) is a fundamental component of any computing device, serving as
the bridge between the hardware and the user. Here’s why it is important:
1. User Interface
•The OS provides a user-friendly interface, such as graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like
Windows or macOS, allowing users to interact with the computer easily.
2. File Management
•It organizes, stores, retrieves, and manipulates files on storage devices, making it easier for
users to manage their data.
3. Security
•The OS is responsible for enforcing security measures, such as user authentication,
permissions, and encryption, protecting the system from unauthorized access and threats.
4. Multitasking
•It enables the running of multiple applications simultaneously, allowing users to switch
between tasks seamlessly without crashing or slowing down the system.
5. Networking
•The OS manages network connections, enabling communication between devices and
facilitating internet access, file sharing, and remote resource utilization.
6. Error Detection and Handling
•It monitors the system for errors and takes necessary actions to prevent data loss or system
crashes, enhancing the stability and reliability of the computing environment.
7. Support for Application Software
•The OS provides the necessary environment for software applications to run, offering APIs and
services that applications use to function correctly.
8. Hardware Abstraction
•The OS abstracts the hardware, meaning applications don't need to know the
specifics of the underlying hardware, making software development and usage more
straightforward and consistent.
 BASIC CONCEPT AND
TERMINOLOGY OF OS
Here’s a overview of basic OS concepts and terminology:

Kernel: The OS core, managing hardware, memory, processes, and system

resources.
Processes: Programs in execution, including active tasks and background
services. Each process may have multiple threads (smaller units of execution).
Threads: The smallest unit of a process that the OS can schedule for
execution.
Memory Management: Handles allocation and deallocation of memory to
processes. Key techniques include paging (dividing memory into pages) and
virtual memory (using disk space to extend RAM).
File System: Organizes and manages data storage, enabling file creation,
deletion, and access. Examples include NTFS (Windows) and ext4 (Linux).
Device Drivers: Specialized software allowing the OS to interact with
hardware components like printers and disk drives.
System Calls: Interfaces through which user applications request services
from the OS kernel, such as file operations or process management.
Multitasking: The OS capability to run multiple processes simultaneously,
either by time-sharing (preemptive multitasking) or cooperative multitasking.
Inter-process Communication (IPC): Mechanisms for processes to
communicate and synchronize, including pipes and shared memory.
Security: OS features ensuring data protection, user authentication, and
resource authorization.
Scheduler: Manages the order and time allocation for executing processes and
threads.
Bootloader: A small program that initializes the OS during startup.
Virtualization: Enables multiple OSes to run on a single hardware system,
isolating them from each other.
 TYPES OF OS 3.Distributed Operating System:
2.Time-Sharing Operating System: 4.Network Operating System (NOS):
1.Batch System: • Allows multiple users to use the • Manages a group of • Manages and facilitates communication
• Executes bOperatingatches of system simultaneously by independent computers, between computers on a network,
jobs without user interaction. sharing CPU time in small making them appear as a allowing resource sharing and
Jobs are processed sequentially. slices, providing the illusion of single coherent system, centralized administration.
parallelism. enabling resource sharing.

6.Multiprocessing Operating 7.Embedded Operating

System: 8.Mobile Operating System: 9.Single-user Operating
5.Real-Time Operating System System:
• Specifically designed for System:
(RTOS): • Supports the use of multiple • Specialized OS designed
CPUs, allowing for parallel mobile devices, like • Designed for one user at a
• Designed to process data as it for embedded systems,
processing and improved smartphones and tablets, time, focusing on
comes in, with strict time focusing on efficiency
performance for demanding with features tailored for providing a user-friendly
constraints, used in systems and reliability within a
tasks. portability and touch environment and
requiring immediate limited hardware
interfaces. managing personal files
response, like embedded environment.
and applications.
systems.

10.Multithreading Operating System: 11.Multi-user Operating System:

• Supports multiple threads within a single • Allows multiple users to access the
process, enabling more efficient execution of computer's resources simultaneously,
tasks by breaking them into smaller, ensuring that one user’s activities do not
concurrently running units. interfere with others.
 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION IN OS
The operating system is needed to design and implement because without proper design and implementation any system cannot work properly, for every
aspect or for any development a proper design and implementation should be necessary so that it can work in good manner and we can easily debug if
any failures occur.
•Efficiency:
Optimizing resource utilization, such as CPU, memory, and I/O devices, to maximize system performance.
•Reliability:
Ensuring the OS operates consistently without failures, providing stable and predictable services.
•Security:
Protecting the system against unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity and privacy.
•Scalability:
Ability to handle increased load by adding resources like CPUs or memory without degrading performance.
•Flexibility:
Supporting a wide range of applications and hardware, and easily adapting to new technologies or changes.
•Portability:
Designing the OS to be easily adaptable to different hardware platforms with minimal modification.
•User-Friendly Interface:
Providing an intuitive and accessible interface for users to interact with the system, whether through GUI or command line.
•Robustness:
Ensuring the system can recover from errors and continue operating, minimizing the impact of failures.
•Concurrency:
Managing multiple processes or threads simultaneously, ensuring smooth multitasking and resource sharing.
•Modularity:
Designing the OS in a way that components can be developed, tested, and maintained independently, enhancing maintainability and
scalability.
 IMPLEMENTATION
Once the operating system is designed it must be implemented
because it is a collection of many programs written by many
people over a long period of time.
Implementation is a process which is most important for the
operating system.
An operating system needs to be implemented because when it
is implemented then new tasks can be performed and new
application software can also install in your computer and run
your computer smoothly for that we need implementation of
operating system.
THANK YOU