VITAMINS

Group no 06

Faisal
Subhan Nouman Yasir Anees

Mohsin Awais Muqaddas Tehreem Kiran

Sajjal Mishal Waniya Mahnoor Briha

 VITAMINS

CONTEXT
 Vitamin
 Discovery
 Classification
 Water soluble vitamins
 Source
 Properties
 Functions
 Deficiency
 Rda
 VITAMINS

 . * "VITAMIN" means "vital for life“

 . * VITAMINS are *Micronutrients which are necessary for everyday
healthy functioning of the body.
 . Nutrients required in very small amounts -mg or ug.
 DISCOVERY

 Early 20th Century: Polish biochemist Casimir Funk isolated the first
vitamin (B1) in 1912, coining the term"vitamine" (later changed to
vitamin).
 1920s-1930s: Scientists like Edward Mellanby (vitamin D) and Albert Szent-
Györgyi (vitamin C) continued to discover and isolate vitamins.
CLASSIFICATION
 VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid)

Sources

Rosehips, blackcurrants, green peppers,

kiwi, citrus fruits, strawberries, spinach,
cabbage, broccolli
 VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid)

Properties
. * Water soluble*
. Destroyed by alkalis, dry or moist heat and enzymes*
. Sensitive to light and oxygen*
. Acts as an antioxidant
. Least stable of all vitamins
 VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid)

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
  Weakening of connective tissue
* Formation of connective tissue, collagen*
 Critical to immune system*  Susceptibility to infection
 Helps absorption of iron*  Incomplete iron absorption
 Prevents scurvy*  Delayed healing of wounds
 Promotes healing of wounds and healthy
blood vessels*
 Acts as antioxidant, protects HDL cholesterol
 VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid)

RDA
30-60 mg per day
 VITAMIN B1 – thiamine

Sources

Meat and offal Oatmeal,

breakfast cereals, Wheat germ
Fortified white flour, Milk, Eggs,
Vegetables.
 VITAMIN B1 – thiamine

Properties
 Water soluble
 Destroyed by high temperatures
 Destroyed by alkalis
 Lost by milling flour, leaching into cooking liquids and in
thawing frozen food
 VITAMIN B1 – thiamine

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
 Essential for release of energy from  * Fatigue, depression, irritability*
carbohydrates  Beri-beri - disease of nervous system
 Necessary for appetite and good  Common in countries where polished
health riceis staple food
 Needed for normal functioning of
nervous system
 VITAMIN B1 – thiamine

RDA

1mg per day - Requirement increases with energy

expenditure
 VITAMIN B2 - Riboflavin

Sources
Offal ,Milk, Cheese, Eggs,
Yeast extracts
Green Vegetables
 VITAMIN B2 - Riboflavin

Properties
 Water soluble
 Unstable at high temperatures
 Destroyed by alkalis
 Light sensitive
 VITAMIN B2 - Riboflavin

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
 Metabolism of carbohydrates,  Loss of appetite
proteins and fats
 Swollen tongue,
 Growth, repair, development of body
 cracked lips,
tissues - healthy skin, eyes and tongue
  eye infection,
The principal growth promoting
factor in the vitamin B complex  dermatitis
 VITAMIN B2 - Riboflavin

RDA
1 - 1.5 mg per day
 VITAMIN B3 – Niacin (nicotinic Acid )

Sources
Meat, Offal,
Yeast extracts,
Yeast, Bran, wheat germ, flour,
Some pulses, dried fruit.
 VITAMIN B3 – Niacin (nicotinic Acid )

Properties
 Water soluble
 Stable to heat
 Fairly stable to acids/alkalis
 80 -90% loss in milling
 VITAMIN B3 – Niacin (nicotinic Acid )

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
 Metabolism of carbohydrates,  Fatigue,
proteins and fats  depression,
 Needed for normal functioning of  irritability
nervous system
 Beri-beri - disease of nervous system
 VITAMIN B3 – Niacin (nicotinic Acid )

RDA
Related to protein intake
15 - 20mg per day
 VITAMIN B5 – Pantothenic acid

Sources
chicken , beef , pork ,
milk, yogurt, egg ,
brown rice , oats,
vegetables
 VITAMIN B5 – Pantothenic acid

Properties
 1. Energy Production*: It is a component of coenzyme A, which is essential for the
metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, converting them into energy.
 Hormone Synthesis*: It is involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones, such as
cortisol, in the adrenal glands.
 Wound Healing*: Pantothenic acid is believed to speed up the healing process of
wounds and cuts.
 6. Red Blood Cell Formation*: It plays a role in the production and development
of red blood cells.
 VITAMIN B5 – Pantothenic acid

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
 *Water-Soluble  Fatigue
  Irritability and Depression
*Heat-Sensitive
  Burning Feet Syndrome
Essential Nutrient
 Digestive Issues*: Symptoms may include
 Easily Absorbed*: It is readily absorbed in
abdominal cramps, bloating, and diarrhea.
the small intestine and transported
 Hypoglycemia*: Low blood sugar levels can occur
throughout the body, where it is utilized for
due to impaired metabolism of carbohydrates and
fats.
 VITAMIN B5 – Pantothenic acid

RDA
5-7 mg per day
 VITAMIN B6 - Pyridoxine

Source
Meat,
Offal,
Eggs,
Yeast extracts,
Fish,
Cereals
 VITAMIN B6 - Pyridoxine

Properties
 Water soluble
 Reasonably heat stable
 Sensitive to high temperatures, oxygen,
milling and processing
 VITAMIN B6 - Pyridoxine

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
 Protein metabolism  Tiredness and Fatigue,
 Involved in formation of hemoglobin,  irritability
hormones and structural proteins  Premenstrual tension
 Healthy development of nervous  Infants may suffer convulsions if
system there is deficiency
 VITAMIN B6 - Pyridoxine

RDA
2mg per day
 VITAMIN B7 -Biotin

Sources
 Liver
 Kidney
 Egg
 Yolk
 Milk
 Tomatoes
 grain
 VITAMIN B7 -Biotin

Properties
 Water-Soluble
 Heat-Sensitive*: Biotin can be destroyed by high temperatures
 Essential Nutrient*: Biotin must be obtained from the diet, as the body cannot
synthesize it in sufficient quantities.
 Coenzyme Role*: Biotin acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, which are
involved in important metabolic processes.
 VITAMIN B7 -Biotin

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
 Fatty Acid Synthesis*: It is involved in the  Hair Issues*: - Thinning hair - Hair loss
synthesis of fatty acids, (alopecia)
 Amino Acid Metabolism*: Biotin helps in the  Skin Problems*: - Red, scaly rashes around the
metabolism of amino acids, the building blocks of eyes, nose, and mouth (seborrheic dermatitis) -
proteins. Dry, flaky skin
 4. Gene Regulation*: It plays a role in gene  Neurological Symptoms*: - Depression -
expression and the regulation of DNA replication Lethargy - Hallucinations - Numbness and
and transcription. tingling in the extremities (paresthesia)
 Skin, Hair, and Nail Health*: Adequate biotin  Eye infections
levels are associated with healthy skin, hair, and  Immune System Issues*: - Increased
nails.
susceptibility to infections
 VITAMIN B7 -Biotin

RDA

3Omg per day

 VITAMIN B9 – Folic Acid

Sources
 Offal,
 Fortified cereals,
 Green leafy vegetables,
 Potatoes,
 bread
 Milk
 Wheat germ
 VITAMIN B9 – Folic Acid

Properties
 Water soluble
 Unaffected by acids
 Sensitive to light and oxidation
 VITAMIN B9 – Folic Acid

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
 Red blood cell formation  Fatigue in mild cases
 Essential for synthesis of DNA and RNA  Anaemia in severe cases
 Development of brain, spinal cord and  Neural tube defects
skeleton in foetus
 Reduces risk of neural tube defects e.g. spina
bifida
 May play role preventing heart attacks,
strokes and cancer
 VITAMIN B9 – Folic Acid

RDA NOTE

300 ug per day

More during pregnancy Important to take folic
acid prior to conception
and vital during first 3
months pregnancy
 VITAMIN B12 – (Cyano) cobalamin

Sources
 Meat,
 Offal
 Fish
 Cheese

No Bi2 in plant foods - Vegans,

vegetarians risk of deficiency
 VITAMIN B12 – (Cyano) cobalamin

Properties
 Water soluble
 Heat stable up to100°C
 Affected by strong acids/alkalis
 Affected by light
 VITAMIN B12 – (Cyano) cobalamin

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY
 Red blood cell formation  Pernicious anaemia
 Nervous system - maintains myelin sheath  Nerve degeneration
around nerves
 Helps treat pernicious anaemia
 VITAMIN B12 – (Cyano) cobalamin

RDA

3-4 ug per day

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FAT AND
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Thank
you