Chapter 4:

Introduction to Cisco IOS

 IOS
• IOS = Internetwork Operating System
• IOS is a platform used on Cisco Devices
– Router,
– Switch,
– Firewall, etc.,
• IOS is Command Line Interface (CLI) Platform
 Functions of Router
• Packet Switching
• Packet Filtering
• Internetwork Communication
• Path Selection
 Parts of Router
1. Read Only Memory (ROM)
2. Random Access Memory (RAM)
3. Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM)
4. Flash
5. Line Ports
6. Interfaces
Internal Parts of Router
External Parts of Router
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
• EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable
ROM
– Power On Self Test (POST)
• Detects hardware attached
– Bootstrap
• Locate and Load IOS
– ROM Monitor (ROMMON)
• Basic IOS for IOS / Password Recovery
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
• DRAM – Dynamic RAM
• Volatile Memory – Data will be erased if
power off.
– Running Configuration
– Routing Table
– ARP Cache
 Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM)
• Non-Volatile RAM
• Non-Volatile Memory (data will not erased
even after device power down)
– Startup Configuration
• This configuration will be copied to RAM’s
Running configuration during device
boot.
 Flash
• Stores IOS
• Types of Flash
– Onboard Flash
– PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card
Industries Association)
 Line Ports
To Configure Cisco Devices
1. Console Port
2. AUX Port
3. VTY (Virtual TeletYpe) Port
Console Port
 Console Cable

Connects to
Router
Console Port

Connects to
PC
COM1 Port
COM1 Port (RS-232)
Console Cable

If our PC or Laptop
does not have
COM1 Port, we can
attach Serial to USB
Converter.
AUX Port
1. AUX Port
2. Console or Rolled
Cable
3. RS-232 Port
4. Dialup Modem
VTY Port
Device Access
 Tool used to configure Cisco Devices
• Putty
– Free and Open Source
– Serial Console
– Telnet and SSH
• To download
– https://www.putty.org/
 Interfaces
• Types of Interfaces
– LAN
• Ethernet
–Ethernet – 10mbps
–FastEthernet – 100 mbps
–GigabitEthernet – 1000 mbps
– WAN
• Serial – ??? mbps
Interface
Booting Process
INITIAL CONFIGURATION DIALOG
Open Putty
Putty
 Start Router
• Connect Power Cord
• Connect Console Cable to the Console Port
and connect the RS232 to COM1 port of the
PC
• Power ON the router
Router Starting
 Initial Configuration Dialog
• If no configuration found in NVRAM, the Initial
Configuration Dialog will be shown after the
router boot.
Initial Configuration Dialog
Start Initial Configuration Dialog
 Setups
1. Basic Management Setup
1. Hostname
2. Enable Password / Secret
3. VTY Password
2. Extended Setup
1. LAN Interface
2. IP Address
Start Basic Management Setup
Start Basic Management Setup
 Basic Management Setup
Command Purpose
hostname Device name
enable secret Used to protect Enable and Configuration
Modes. This password will be encrypted in
the configuration
enable password Used to protect Enable and Configuration
Modes. This password will not be encrypted
in the configuration by default
Virtual Terminal Used to access the router command from
Password remote system using Telnet or SSH
SNMP Monitor Router activity
Extended Setup
Save Initial Configuration
Initial Configuration Completed!
 Command Modes
Mode Appearance

User EXEC Mode Router>

Privileged EXEC Mode Router#

Global Configuration Mode Router(config)#

Interface Configuration Mode Router(config-if)#

Line Port Configuration Mode Router(config-line)#

User Exec Mode
Privileged EXEC Mode
To go back to User EXEC Mode
Global Configuration Mode
Line Port Configuration Mode
Interface Configuration Mode
Difference Between EXIT and END
Difference Between EXIT and END
 Command Shortcuts
• We can use tab to fill the commands.
 Command Shortcuts
• The command must meet minimum wildcard
characters to fill the entire command.
 Command Shortcuts

Command starts with en means enable Command starts with ex means exit
 Command Shortcuts

di or dis does not meet the minimum wildcard for disable command.
Only disa meets the minimum wildcard for disable command
Disable Command Wildcards
 Command Shortcuts
• We don’t need to enter the full keyword. The
keyword that matches minimum wildcard can
be entered.
 Command Shortcuts

conf t refers to configure terminal command

 Shortcut Keys
• The Delete, Insert, Home, End, Page Up, Page
Down keys will not works in Cisco CLI.
 Shortcut Keys
Key Shortcut

Home Ctrl + A

End Ctrl + E

Delete Ctrl + D

Page Up Ctrl + P

Page Down Ctrl + N

 Hostname Command
Router>en
Router#conf t
Router(config)#hostname R1
R1(config)#end
R1#
Hostname Command
 Banner MOTD (Message of the day)
• To display the welcome note.
– Single line MOTD
– Multi line MOTD
Single Line MOTD
Single Line MOTD
 Multi Line MOTD
R1>en
R1#conf t
R1(config)#banner motd @
Welcome to Acme
Location: Tirunelveli
Router: R1
This is router connects to Sales Network
This router uses BSNL Leased Line Connection
Unauthorized Access Prohibited!!!
@
R1(config)#end
R1#
Multi Line MOTD
Multi Line MOTD
To Remove Banner MOTD
To Remove Banner MOTD
 Console Password
• Protect access to User EXEC Mode
• This password does not encrypts in the
configuration by default.
Console Password
Console Password
Console Password
To remove Console Password
To remove Console Password
 Enable Password and Enable Secret
• Used to protect Privileged EXEC Mode and
Configuration Mode
• Enable Password
– Does not encrypts in the config by default.
– Used when we didn’t specify enable secret.
• Enable Secret
– Encrypts using MD5 Algorithm
Enable Password and Enable Secret
Enable Password and Enable Secret
Enable Password and Enable Secret
 To view Enable Password and Secret
• show running-config command will be used
check the current configuration in the router.
show running-config Command
Remove Enable Password and Secret
Interface: Ethernet
Interface Configuration: Ethernet
 Command Syntax
R1>en
R1#conf t
R1(config)#int «interface name»
R1(config-if)#ip address «ip address» «subnet mask»
R1(config-if)#description «description»
R1(config-if)#speed «10 / 100 / auto»
R1(config-if)#duplex «full / half / auto»
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#end
R1#
Verify Interfaces
 show ip int brief
Parameter Description Values
FastEthernet0/0,
Interface Name of the Interface, FastEthernet0/1,
Interface Number Serial0/0
IP address configured on 192.168.1.5,
IP-Address the interface unassigned
OK? Is Interface Ok? YES
unset
How IP address assigned to manual
Method the Interface dhcp
nvram
 show ip int brief
Parameter Description Values
administratively down,
Status Layer 1 Status of the up,
Interface down
Layer 2 Status of the up,
Protocol Interface down

no shutdown command will enable (turn ON) the interface

VTY (Virtual TeleType)
VTY Configuration
 VTY Users
VTY Users
0 1 User
01 2 Users
02 3 Users
03 4 Users
04 5 Users
Telnet
Username and Password
 Username and Password Syntax
R1>en
R1#conf t
R1(config)#username «username» [privilege «1/15 »]
password «password»

R1(config)#[line vty 0 4] / [line con 0]

R1(config-line)#no password
R1(config-line)#login local
R1(config-line)#end
R1#
 Privileges
• Privilege 1 = User EXEC Mode
• Privilege 15 = Privileged EXEC Mode
Telnet Router
Verify Device Access
To stop device access
To stop device access
CISCO PACKET TRACER
Cisco Packet Tracer
 Cisco Packet Tracer
• Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual
simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that
allows users to create network topologies and
imitate modern computer networks.
• The software allows users to simulate the
configuration of Cisco routers and switches
using a simulated command line interface.
Interface: Serial
 WIC1T

Serial 0/0
 WIC2T

Serial 0/0 & Serial 0/1

 DCE and DTE
• DCE – Data Communication End
• DTE – Data Terminal End
Add WIC2T Ports to Router
 Router Configuration
R1 (S0/0 is DCE) R2 (S0/1 is DTE)
R1>en R2>en
R1#conf t R2#conf t
R1(config)#int serial0/0 R2(config)#int s0/1
R1(config-if)#ip add 11.0.0.1 R2(config-if)#ip add 11.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000 R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#no shutdown R2(config-if)#end
R1(config-if)#end R2#
R1#
 Verify Configuration
R1#show ip int brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0/0 11.0.0.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

R2#show ip int brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0/1 11.0.0.2 YES manual up up
 Saving Router Configuration
R1#copy run start
Destination filename [startup-config]? [ENTER]
Building configuration...
[OK]
R1#
 Show Saved Configuration
• #show startup-config
– Show the startup configuration in NVRAM
Show Saved Configuration
 Erase Saved Configuration
• #erase startup-config
– Delete all configuration in the NVRAM
 SHOW Commands
1. show run
– Displays the current running configuration
2. show start
– Displays the startup configuration
3. show flash:
– List the files in Flash: (Ex-IOS filename)
4. show int [interface_name]
– Displays the interface MAC Address, IP Address,
Bandwidth, Input and Output Packets, Error Packets,
etc.
 SHOW Commands
5. show ip int [interface_name]
– Displays IP Address, ACL Binding, NAT Binding, etc.
6. show ip int brief
– Displays Interface IP and Status
7. show protocols
– List Layer 3 Routed Protocols (Ex: IP, IPX, and
AppleTalk)
8. show ip protocols
– List Layer 3 Routing Protocols (Ex: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF,
etc.)
 SHOW Commands
9. show processes
– List Router current CPU Utilization
10. show version
– Displays IOS version, Router uptime, Flash Capacity,
RAM, Configuration-Register, etc.
11. show history
– List Last 10 (default) commands entered.
12. show clock
– Shows current Date and Time
13. show arp
– List ARP cache (MAC address for IP Address)
 Change Clock Date and Time
Router#clock set 17:17:00 17 Feb 2021

Router#show clock
17:17:5.229 UTC Wed Feb 17 2021
 Write Command

Regular Write Command Short

Command

#show run #write terminal #wr t

#copy run start #write memory #wr m

#erase start #write erase #wr e

 DO Command
• do command allows enable mode command
in configuration modes.
– Example
• Router(config)#do show run
–List the Current Running Configuration