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18 views

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

Damezhan Jv
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Qualitative

Interviews

Dr. Priyanka Pandey


[email protected]
Assessment
Go to KEATs page
What is qualitative interviewing?

It is a structured or unstructured way of getting a


verbal account about social life.

Face-to-face encounters between the researcher and


informant/interviewee directed towards
understanding the interviewee’s perspective on their
life (or a phenomenon), experiences or situations
in their own words.

Understanding the meaning people add to their


own lived experience.

The interview is modeled as a conversation – where


the two people conversing are considered as
equals.
But why do we
need to hear
people’s own
accounts?
What is a Research Question?

What is a research question?


A research question is the question around which you centre your
research. It should be:
•clear: it provides enough specifics that one’s audience can easily
understand its purpose without needing additional explanation.
•concise: it is expressed in the fewest possible words.
•complex: it is not answerable with a simple “yes” or “no,” but
rather requires synthesis and analysis of ideas and sources before
composition of an answer.
•arguable: its potential answers are open to debate rather than
accepted facts.
•Value : should address a gap – why is something worth
Source of RQ:https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/writing-resources/research-based-
researching? Who benefits? What problems does it solve? writing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4UKwd0KExc&t=135s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNMTJTnrTQQ&t=96s
Selecting interviewees

Managing the sample size – who will you interview?


and how many will you interview?

Select people who are willing to talk about their


experiences and articulate their feelings

Ensuring diversity or homogeneity of the


interviewees
The process of interviewing – maintaining transparency

Research interests need to be clearly well-defined –


what is it that you want an accomplish through the
interviews? What is it that you want to uncover?

Being clear about your motives for the interview –


whether it is for research or publication

Anonymizing the interviewee's identity or using pseudo-


names to avoid embarrassment, legal problems, opening
up important details and/or information

Money – should you pay the interviewee for their time?

How many times should you meet the interviewee and


where?
The interview environment

Creating a situation in which interviewees are most


likely to express their views

Interview is relaxed and conversational

Maintaining and developing a good relationship


with the interviewee – interviewers should not hold
back on expressing their own views

Ability to relate to others on their own terms


The interview environment

The interviewer needs to be –

non-judgmental – to not evaluate the interviewees


negatively. To accept people for who they are and
what they do. Express empathy instead.

an active listener – interviewers refrain from


expressing their views

sensitive – the interviewer should know when to


probe and when to stay away from open wounds
Getting quality content from the interviews

To be truly immersed in how people construct their


realities and the meaning they hold

Having an interview guide – a tool that provides the


interviewer with prior knowledge about the
interviewee and their context

Asking open-ended descriptive questions to specific


questions as the conversation moves along

Questions can be added as the study moves along


Image Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/interviews.html
Getting quality content from the interviews

Knowing when to probe – asking to clarify and/or


explain certain points in conversation again

To be able to recognize potential themes

Ensure consistency across the interviewee’s


accounts with factual accounts

A recording device allows the interviewer to capture


more than he or she could by relying on memory.

Managing consent for recording is important. Image Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364038171_Nurses


%27_Experiences_as_Care_Providers_for_Syrian_Refugees_With_Noncommuni
cable_Diseases_A_Qualitative_Study/figures?lo=1
Interviews are subject to the same fabrications,
deceptions, exaggerations, and distortions that
characterize other conversations between
persons. Benney and Hughes (1956, p. 137)
wrote: “Every conversation has its own balance
of revelation and concealment of thoughts and
intentions.”

In this view, information and attitudes exist


inside of people's heads and can be elicited by
asking the right questions in the right way.
The process of questioning

Start the questioning process with open-ended


descriptive questions

As the conversation naturally flows, you move to


more specific questions relating to the study

One can also add new questions if new insights


during the conversation are gained

To have an interview guide – a list of the general


areas to cover

Knowing when and how to probe people – helps fill


the gaps in meaning
Example -https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560670/
In addition to recording, one
can take down notes about
their observation regarding the
interviewee’s expressions,
demeanor, body language.

Helps maintain a record of


conversations that take place
outside the interview situation.

The interviewer’s journal


Choosing to interview - advantages

Interviews can be used to reconstruct past events


that cannot be observed by the researcher.

May not be as time-consuming as participant


observation

Helps with data representation of different


variations

The number of interviews depends on the


importance of the potential of each case to aid the
researcher in developing theoretical insights into Image Source: https://www.neh.gov/article/story-1947-partition-told-people-who-
were-there

the area of social life being studied .


Choosing to interview - disadvantages

Dissonance between what the interviewee is saying


in the interview versus what they actually do when
in said situation

Lack of contextual understanding (which can be


gained through participant observation)

Interviewers can misunderstand aspects because of


the interviewee’s language – which also leads to
assumption making
It is a reliable gateway into
organisational life - how
leadership is conducted, what
values and beliefs people hold,
how decisions are made, or the
story behind a successful
innovation or change effort.

How do interviews impact


business & management Source of study: https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?

research? vid=0&sid=4d67fd19-95f5-485d-8ecc-d71b57d87a3f%40redis
Diversity trainers act as brokers – they model other
people’s identities as their own

The trainer’s identity work makes explicit how to navigate


tension and discomfort when working with one’s own and
others’ identities

When trainers practice brokering identities in ongoing


ways, they gain self-efficacy and refine their identity
awareness. Gaining this efficacy and a clearer sense of
who they are and want to be, explains why they do this
difficult work, as many trainers expand their efforts to
support diversity outside of training—for example, as an
advocate, a champion, or a bridge-builder

Interviews help create a rich picture of the perspective of


the very subjects being studied . Something that is not Qualitative findings of diversity
possible to obtain from quantitative studies. The qualitative
findings can have implications for future organisational training study
practices as well.
References

Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & Devault, M. L. (2016). Chapter 4: In-depth Interviewing. Introducti on to Qualitati ve Research
methods: a Guidebook and Resource . John Wiley & Sons, Cop.

Sugiyama, K., Ladge, J. J., & Bilimoria, D. (2022). Calling Oneself and Others In: Brokering Identi ti es in Diversity
Training. Academy of Management Journal. htt ps://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2020.1579

George Mason University. (2018, August 8). How to Write a Research Questi on. The Writi ng Center .
htt ps://writi ngcenter.gmu.edu/writi ng-resources/research-based-writi ng

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