CSE-801

COMPUTATIONAL
FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

Dr. Muhammad Ahsan 1

MS
PROCESS SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING (MS-PSE)

School of Chemical & Materials Engineering , National 2

University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakista
 INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE IN MS DEGREE IN
PROCESS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (PSE)

World-Wide Established PSE-based Research Groups

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MS PSE COURSEWORK
Sr. No. Course Course Title Credits
No.
Core Course Theory

1 PSE-801 Process Systems Theory 3

2 PSE-802 Optimization and Decision Analysis 3
3 PSE-823 Advanced Process Dynamics and Control 3
4 PSE-852 Process Modelling and Simulation 3
Elective Courses
5 CSE-801 Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 3
6 MGT-924 Supply Chain Management 3
7 EME-902 Numerical Methods for ChE 3
8 TEE-820 Process Intensification 3
9 TEE-810 Advanced Process Energy Analysis & 3
Optimization
10 EME-921 Momentum Heat and Mass Transfer (MHMT) 3
in Chemical Engg.
11 ENE-809 Waste water treatment & Design 3
12 CHE-847 Chemical Kinetics & Reactor Design 3
13 CHE-814 Product Technology 3
14 ESE-801 Biofuel Engineering 3
15 Thesis Master Thesis Research 6 4
SCHEME OF STUDIES: SEMESTER-WISE BREAKDOWN

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 LECTURE 1 –
INTRODUCTION TO CFD

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HISTORY

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HISTORY (CONT.)
Leonardo da Vinci - Italy (1452-1519)
• His contributions to fluid mechanics are presented in
a nine part treatise (Del moto e misura dell’acqua) that
covers the water surface, movement of water, water
waves, eddies, falling water, free jets, interference of
waves, and many other newly observed phenomena.
Isaac Newton - England (1643-1727)
One of the most important figures in science.
• Most well known for his three laws of motion.
• His key contributions to fluid mechanics include:
 The second law: F=m.a.
 The concept of Newtonian viscosity in which stress
and the rate of strain vary linearly.
 The reciprocity principle: the force applied upon a
stationary object by a moving fluid is equal to the
change in momentum of the fluid as it deflects around
the front of the object.
 Relationship between the speed of waves at a liquid 8
surface and the wavelength.
HISTORY (CONT.)
18th and 19th century
 During this period, significant work was done trying
to mathematically describe the motion of fluids.
 Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) derived Bernoulli’s
equation.
 Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) proposed the Euler
equations, which describe conservation of
momentum for an inviscid fluid, and conservation of
mass. He also proposed the velocity potential
theory.
 Claude Louis Marie Henry Navier (1785-1836) and
George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903) introduced
viscous transport into the Euler equations, which
resulted in the Navier-Stokes equation. This forms
the basis of modern day CFD.
 Other key figures were Jean Le Rond d’Alembert,
Siméon-Denis Poisson, Joseph Louis Lagrange,
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Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille, John William Rayleigh,
HISTORY (CONT.)
Osborne Reynolds - England (1842-1912)
 Reynolds was a prolific writer who published almost 70
papers during his lifetime on a wide variety of science
and engineering related topics.
 He is most well-known for the Reynolds number, which is
the ratio between inertial and viscous forces in a fluid.
Thispart
First governs thecentury
of the 20th transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
Much work was done on refining theories of boundary
layers and turbulence.
 Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953): boundary layer theory, the
mixing
length concept, compressible flows, the Prandtl number,
and more.
 Theodore von Karman (1881-1963) analyzed what is now
known as the von Karman vortex street.
 Geoffrey Ingram Taylor (1886-1975):statistical theory of
turbulence and the Taylor microscale.
 Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (1903-1987): the
Kolmogorov scales 10
 HISTORY (CONT.)
Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953)
 In 1922, Lewis Fry Richardson developed the first
numerical weather prediction system.
 Division of space into grid cells and the finite
difference approximations of Bjerknes's "primitive
differential equations.”
 His own attempt to calculate weather for a single
eight-hour period took six weeks and ended in failure.
 His model's enormous calculation requirements led
Richardson to
propose a solution he called the “forecast-factory.”
 The "factory" would have filled a vast stadium with
64,000 people.
 Each one, armed with a mechanical calculator, would
perform part of the calculation.
 A leader in the center, using colored signal lights and
telegraph communication, would coordinate the
forecast.
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 HISTORY (CONT.)
1930s to 1950s
 Earliest numerical solution: for flow past a cylinder
(1933).
 A.Thom, ‘The Flow Past Circular Cylinders at Low
Speeds’, Proc. Royal Society, A141, pp. 651-666,
London, 1933.
 Kawaguti obtains a solution for flow around a cylinder, in
1953 by using a mechanical desk calculator, working 20
hours per week for 18 months, citing: “a considerable
amount of labour and endurance.”
 M. Kawaguti, ‘Numerical Solution of the NS Equations
for the Flow Around a Circular Cylinder at Reynolds
Number 40’, Journal of Phy. Soc. Japan, vol. 8, pp. 747-
757, 1953.

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 HISTORY (CONT.)
1960s and 1970s
 During the 1960s the theoretical division at Los Alamos
contributed many numerical methods that are still in use
today, such as the following methods:
 Particle-In-Cell (PIC).
 Marker-and-Cell (MAC).
 Vorticity-Stream function Methods.
 Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE).
 k-ε turbulence model.
 During the 1970s a group working under D. Brian
Spalding, at Imperial College, London, develop:
 Parabolic flow codes (GENMIX).
 Vorticity-Stream function based codes.
 The SIMPLE algorithm and the TEACH code.
 The form of the k-ε equations that are used today.
 Upwind differencing.
 ‘Eddy break-up’ and ‘presumed pdf’ combustion
models.
 In 1980 Suhas V. Patankar publishes Numerical Heat Transfer and
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Fluid Flow, probably the most influential book on CFD to date.
 HISTORY (CONT.)
1980s and 1990s
 Previously, CFD was performed using academic, research
and inhouse codes. When one wanted to perform a CFD
calculation, one had to write a program.
 This is the period during which most commercial CFD
codes originated that are available today:
 Fluent (UK and US).
 CFX (UK and Canada).
 Fidap (US).
 Polyflow (Belgium).
 Phoenix (UK).
 Star CD (UK).
 Flow 3d (US).
 ESI/CFDRC (US).
 SCRYU (Japan).
 and more,

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BASIC CONCEPTS
Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

Laminar Turbulent

Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid

Ideal Fluids Viscous Fluids Rheology

Compressible Incompressible CFD Solutions for

Flow Flow specific Regimes

Components of Fluid Mechanics

FLUID DYNAMICS
 Fluid dynamics is the science of fluid motion.

 Fluid flow is commonly studied in one of three ways:

 Experimental fluid dynamics.

 Theoretical fluid dynamics.

 Numerically: computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

 During this course we will focus on obtaining the knowledge required to

be able to solve practical fluid flow problems using CFD.

 Topics covered today include:

 A brief review of the history of fluid dynamics

 An introductory overview of CFD

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WHAT IS COMPUTATIONAL
FLUID DYNAMICS?
 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid
flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related
phenomena by solving the mathematical equations which govern these
processes using a numerical process.
 • The result of CFD analyses is relevant engineering data used in:
 Conceptual studies of new designs.
 Detailed product development.
 Troubleshooting.
 Redesign.

 CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation.

 Reduces the total effort required in the laboratory.

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CFD - HOW IT WORKS
 Analysis begins with a mathematical
model of a physical problem.
 Conservation of matter, momentum, and
energy must be satisfied throughout the
region of interest.
 Fluid properties are modeled
empirically.
 Simplifying assumptions are made in
order to make the problem tractable
(e.g., steady-state, incompressible,
inviscid, two-dimensional).
 Provide appropriate initial and boundary
conditions for the problem.

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CFD - HOW IT WORKS (CONT.)
 CFD applies numerical methods (called
discretization) to develop approximations of the
governing equations of fluid mechanics in the fluid
region of interest.
 Governing differential equations: algebraic.
 The collection of cells is called the grid.
 The set of algebraic equations are solved numerically
(on a computer) for the flow field variables at each
node or cell.
 System of equations are solved simultaneously to
provide solution.
 The solution is post-processed to extract quantities
of interest (e.g. lift, drag, torque, heat transfer,
separation, pressure loss, etc.). Mesh for bottle filling
problem.

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DISCRETIZATION
 Domain is discretized into a finite set of control volumes or cells. The
discretized domain is called the “grid” or the “mesh.”
 General conservation (transport) equations for mass, momentum, energy, etc.,
are discretized into algebraic equations.
 All equations are solved to render flow field.

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DESIGN AND CREATE THE GRID
 Should you use a quad/hex grid, a tri/tet grid, a hybrid grid, or a non-
conformal grid?
 What degree of grid resolution is required in each region of the domain?
 How many cells are required for the problem?
 Will you use adaption to add resolution?
 Do you have sufficient computer memory?

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 TRI/TET VS. QUAD/HEX MESHES
 For simple geometries, quad/hex
meshes can provide high-quality
solutions with fewer cells than a
comparable tri/tet mesh.

 For complex geometries, quad/hex

meshes show no numerical advantage,
and you can save meshing effort by
using a tri/tet mesh.

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HYBRID MESH EXAMPLE
 Valve port grid.
 Specific regions can be meshed
with different cell types.
 Both efficiency and accuracy are
enhanced relative to a hexahedral
or tetrahedral mesh alone.

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DINOSAUR MESH EXAMPLE

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SET UP THE NUMERICAL
MODEL
• For a given problem, you will need to:
– Select appropriate physical models.
– Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc.
– Define material properties.
• Fluid.
• Solid.
• Mixture.
– Prescribe operating conditions.
– Prescribe boundary conditions at all
boundary zones.
– Provide an initial solution.
– Set up solver controls.
– Set up convergence monitors.

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COMPUTE THE SOLUTION
 The discretized conservation equations are solved
iteratively. A number of iterations are usually
required to reach a converged solution.
 Convergence is reached when:
 Changes in solution variables from one
iteration to the next are negligible.
 Residuals provide a mechanism to help
monitor this trend.
 Overall property conservation is achieved.
 The accuracy of a converged solution is
dependent upon:
 Appropriateness and accuracy of the physical
models.
 Grid resolution and independence.
 Problem setup.

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EXAMINE THE RESULTS
 Visualization can be used to answer such questions as:
 What is the overall flow pattern?
 Is there separation?
 Where do shocks, shear layers, etc. form?
 Are key flow features being resolved?
 Are physical models and boundary conditions appropriate?
 Numerical reporting tools can be used to calculate quantitative
results, e.g:
• Lift, drag, and torque.
• Average heat transfer coefficients.
• Surface-averaged quantities.
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VELOCITY VECTORS AROUND
A DINOSAUR

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VELOCITY MAGNITUDE AROUND A DINOSAUR

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PRESSURE FIELD ON DINOSAUR

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TOOLS TO EXAMINE THE RESULTS
• Graphical tools:
– Grid, contour, and vector plots.
– Pathline and particle trajectory plots.
– XY plots.
– Animations.
• Numerical reporting tools:
– Flux balances.
– Surface and volume integrals and
averages.
– Forces and moments.

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FORCES ON THE DINOSAUR

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CONSIDER REVISIONS TO THE MODEL

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APPLICATIONS OF CFD

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ADVANTAGES OF CFD

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ADVANTAGES OF CFD (CONTD.)

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LIMITATIONS OF CFD

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LIMITATIONS OF CFD (CONTD.)

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SUMMARY

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