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Glory be to you, we have no knowledge except what you have taught us.
Verily, it is You, the All Knower, the All-Wise. Q[2:32] Programming Constants • Constants are values which cannot be modified e.g., the value of Pi • To declare a constant in C++, we write a keyword “const” before the variable type. const double pi = 3.14;
Types of Constant: 1. Literal Constant 2. Symbolic Constant
08/10/2024 3 Characters • Character constants of type "char" must be enclosed in single quotation marks • char myChar = ‘A’;
08/10/2024 7 Reserved Words • Some names cannot be declared as variable names because they are reserved words in C++
20 08/10/2024 8 Operators Operators are the symbols that are used to perform certain operations on data.
C++ provides a variety of operators. These include:
Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /) Relational operators, (<, >, <=, !=, == ) Logical operators, (&&, ||, ! ) Bitwise operators etc. The operators can be categorized as follows: Unary Operator Binary Operator
08/10/2024 9 Increment Operator
08/10/2024 Programming Fundamentals Week #2 11
Example:
08/10/2024 13 Decrement Operator Example:
08/10/2024 15 Output of following program #include<iostream> #include<cstring> using namespace std; int main() { int num1=20; OUTPUT: int num2=30; 20 num2+=30; 61 cout<<num1<<endl; 123 num1=++num2; 63 cout<<num1++<<endl; 61 num1+=num2--; cout<<num1<<endl; num1-=num2++; 10 cout<<num1<<endl; cout<<num2<<endl;
cout<<(5<<1)<<endl; cout<<(5>>1);
} 16 Arithmetic Expression Evaluation To evaluate an arithmetic expression two concepts needs to be understood - Operator Precedence Operator precedence controls the order in which operations are performed - Operator Associativity The associativity of an operator specifies the order in which operations of the same precedence are performed
08/10/2024 17 Operator Precedence and Associativity Operators Precedence and Associativity for C++ is following
1. *, /, % Do all multiplications, divisions and remainders from left to
right. 2. +, - Do additions and subtractions from left to right.
08/10/2024 Programming Fundamentals Week #2 18
Evaluating an Expression 6+2*3/6 • Three operators are in this expression. • However, * and / both have the same precedence and + has lower precedence then these two. • * and / will be evaluated first but both have the same precedence level. • Therefore, operator associatively will be used here to determine the first to get evaluated i.e., left to right. • The left most sub expression will be evaluated followed by the next right one and so on.
– % is known as the Modulus Operator or the Remainder Operator. – It calculates the remainder of two variables – It can only be used with two ints..
– 3%2 =1 – 5%2=1 – 6%3=0 – 8%5=3
08/10/2024 20 Arithmetic Operator Precedence and associativity
08/10/2024 21 Polynomials in C++ • In algebra 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐+ 𝑑 + 𝑒 = m 5 • In c++ 𝑚 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒)/5
• Algebra C++ 𝑧 = 𝑝 ∗ 𝑟%𝑞 + 𝑤/𝑥 − 𝑦
08/10/2024 Programming Fundamentals Week #2 22
Bitwise Operators & (bitwise AND) • Takes two numbers as operands and does AND on every bit of two numbers. • The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are 1. | (bitwise OR) • Takes two numbers as operands and does OR on every bit of two numbers. • The result of OR is 1 if any of the two bits is 1. ^ (bitwise XOR) • takes two numbers as operands and does XOR on every bit of two numbers. • The result of XOR is 1 if the two bits are different.
08/10/2024 23 Bitwise Operators << (left shift) • Takes two numbers, left shifts the bits of the first operand, the second operand decides the number of places to shift. >> (right shift) • Takes two numbers, right shifts the bits of the first operand, the second operand decides the number of places to shift. ~ (bitwise NOT) • Takes one number and inverts all bits of it.
08/10/2024 Programming Fundamentals Week #2 24
Output of following program #include<iostream> #include<cstring> using namespace std; int main() { int num1=20; 20 int num2=30; 61s 123 num2+=30; 63 cout<<num1<<endl; 61 num1=++num2; 10 cout<<num1++<<endl; num1+=num2--; cout<<num1<<endl; num1-=num2++; cout<<num1<<endl; cout<<num2<<endl;
cout<<(5<<1)<<endl; cout<<(5>>1);
} 26 Num1=62+61 =123
Num2=num2- - =61-1=60 TypeCasting
08/10/2024 28 Implicit Type Casting: Implicit Typecasting is performed automatically by compiler Explicit Type Casting
Explicit Typecasting is performed by programmer.
static_cast Keyword OR above syntax is used to perform explicit Type Casting in C++.
While in C, only above syntax works. static_cast is
