Glory be to you, we have no knowledge except what you have taught us.

Verily, it is You, the All Knower, the All-Wise.

Q[2:32]
About me
• BS (Computer System Engineering) – MUST (2012-2016)
• Global UGRAD Alumni (A Cultural Exchange Program)
• Studied 1 semester from Murray State University
• Microsoft Student Partner
• MS (Computer Engineering) – COMSATS Islamabad (2018-2020)
• Research Area – Wireless Communication (5G and beyond, Massive MIMO, Channel Modeling)
• Web Developer at DPL Software Company + UPR
• Freelancer on Fiverr
• Podcast Manager
• Teaching Experience: MYU, CUST
• Courses Taught:
• Object Oriented Programming
• Data Structures
• Database Systems
• Programming Fundamentals
• Introduction to Info and Comm. Technologies
 Welcome to Course
Computer Programing/
Programming Fundamentals
Course Books
• Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel "C: How to Program" 7th Edition
• Tony Gaddis "Starting out with C++" 8th Edition
• Maureen Sprankle, Jim Hubbard "Problem Solving and Program Design
in C" 7th Edition

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Announcements and course updates
• Slides and all other material will be available at Portal.
• No Quiz/Assignment retakes, So, Don’t miss a class.
• Deadlines are important.
• Class Participation is MUST.

Plagiarism
• All parties involved in any kind of cheating in (Quizzes, Assignments &
Projects) will get ZERO in that exam.
• Dishonesty will have serious ramifications.

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Marks Distribution
Assessments Type Weight

Quizzes 20%

Assignments 20%

Midterm 20%

Final 40%

• There will be Relative Grading as per the University policy

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 Lecture 1

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Programming and Legos

Small number of primitive constructs! [basic tools and pieces]

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Programming and Legos

Small number of primitive constructs! [basic tools and pieces]

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Programming and Legos

Or elaborate structures that even you will find difficult to understand!

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General Overview

Programming Fundamentals What is computer science, problem solving, programming?

Object Oriented
Programming How to write software with the help of procedural and object-oriented programming?

Data Structures How to efficiently utilize resources with the help of different data structures?

Algorithm Analysis How to efficiently solve complex problems?

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Computer Organization

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Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Also called memory, main memory, or primary memory
• Rapid-access of data (as compared to HDD)
• Volatile—data is typically lost when the computer’s
power is turned off

• Relatively low-capacity
• Measured in GBs
• 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, and as large as 128 GB (in specially high-
end personal machines)

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Hard Disk
• Is a type of external storage
• Long-term data storage
• High-capacity

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Memory Hierarchy

speed
cache

memory

disk
space

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Programming Languages
Programming Language
A set of rules, symbols, and special words used to construct a
computer program.
• Three types of computer languages
– Machine language
– Assembly Language
– High Level Language

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Machine language
• Only language computer directly understands
o “Natural language” of computer
o Defined by hardware design
• Generally, consist of strings of numbers
o Ultimately 0s and 1s
• Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
• Cumbersome for humans
• Example instruction
01010101 11110000 10101010

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Machine Instruction Cycle

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Machine Instruction Cycle

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Assembly language
• English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer
operations
• Clearer to humans
• Incomprehensible to computers
Converted to machine language by translator programs
(assemblers)
Example
load basepay
add overtimepay
store grosspay

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Assembly Language Cycle

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High Level language
• A language that is more understandable and closer to standard
notations than assembly language.
• Similar to everyday English
Uses common mathematical notations
• Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
• Converted to machine language by translator programs (compilers)
• C/C++ are high-level languages.
• Example
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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High-level Language Cycle

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Interpreter Cycle

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08/10/2024 25
Program Development Cycle

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From C++ Code to Process
• C++ source files
• filename.cpp; C++ source code
compiling
• Binary files
• filename.obj binary files
linking
• Executable (Windows)
• filename.exe executable
running
• Process
• Managed by OS process
From C++ Code to Process
• .cpp files contain source code
• Preprocessor performs code substitutions (e.g. #include <iostream>)
• Compiler converts expanded source code to object code
• Linker links object code file to external libraries (e.g. GLUT) and produces an executable
file
• Loader brings executable file into memory and starts executing it
C  Procedural Language
C++/Java  Object Oriented
Languages
SQL  Non Procedural Language
Structured Programing

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 Summary
• In the 1960s, a group of mathematicians proved that only three program
structures are needed to write any type of program.
• Sequence Structure:
• The simplest structure of a program is to run instructions one after the other in
the sequence that they are written
• Decision structures
• A program may (or may not) run a few instructions in the sequence based on
some condition
• Repetition structures
• A program may repeat a set of instructions a number of times

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