Conditional Statements in with C++

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Goals
Nested if…else Statements
Logical Operators
Compound Statements
Switch Statement
Nested Switch Statement
Ternary/Conditional Operator

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Decision Making

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 Nested “if...else” Statements
• Purpose: To test more than
one factor before we write our
executable code

• By nesting if structures, we
write ONE COMPLETE if
structure inside a SINGLE
BRANCH of a parent if structure

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Flow chart of Nested “if...else”
 Nested “if...else” Statements
if (marks>90){
cout<<“You got A grade”;
if(Available_scholorships>0)
{
cout<<“You got scholarship too”;
tution_fee_due = 0;
}
}
else {
if (marks>=50)
cout<<“You passed the course”;
else
cout<<“You failed the course”; }
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 Nested “if...else” Statements
int i = 10;
if (i == 10){
// First if statement
if (i < 15)
OUTPUT
cout<<"i is smaller than 15\n";
// Nested - if statement
i is smaller than 15
// Will only be executed if the above statement is true
if (i < 12)
i
cout<<"i
else
is smaller
is smaller than
than 12 12 too
too\n";

cout<<"i is greater than 15"; }

}

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 Nested “if...else” Statements
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
cout<<“Enter three numbers, a, b, and c:\n”;
cin >> a >> b >> c;
if( a==b )
if( b==c )
cout << “a, b, and c are the same\n”;
else
cout << “a and b are different\n”;

return 0;}

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Take 3 values and print them
in ascending order by comparing values
Using Nested if-else.
 Logical Operators
Used to create relational expressions from other relational expressions

New relational expression is true if both

expressions are true

New relational expression is true if either

expression is true

Reverses the value of an expression; true

expression becomes false, false expression
becomes true

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 Logical Operator Rules
Operand(s) must be bool(true/false)

true && true

true || true
true || false true
false || true
! false
true && false
false && true false
false || false
! true

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 Logical Operator Examples
int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;
•

(x > y) && (y > z) true

(x > y) && (z > y) false

(x <= z) || (y == z) false

(x <= z) || (y != z) true

!(x >= z) false

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Compound Conditions
COMPOUND: Multiple conditions
if ( (Age < 0) || (Age > 120) )
◦ At least one condition must be true

if ( (Age >=1) && (Age <= 120) )

◦ BOTH conditions must be true

INVALID:
if ( Age >=1 && <= 120 ) //Need 2 relational expressions
if ( 1 <= Age <= 120 ) //Although okay in math!

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 Compound Conditions(Example)
Write a program that inputs three numbers and prints the maximum numbers

if(( a > b) && ( a > c))

cout<<a<<" is the maximum number\n";

else if (( b > a ) && (b > c))

cout<<b<<" is the maximum number\n";

else
cout<<c<<" is the maximum number \n";

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 Class Task
Write a C++ program that accepts the application base on the following two conditions.
•4 or more years of college, AND
•2 years experience programming in C++ OR a grade point average greater than 3.5.

if ( college >= 4 && ( experience >= 2 || gpa > 3.5 ) )

cout<<"Interview applicant";
else

cout<<“ CV Not shortlisted ”;

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 Precedence of logical operators

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 Operator Precedence
Solve the expression
a > b && 45 <= sum || sum < a + b && d > 90
Sol: Assume a = 4 , b = 5, d = 6 , sum = 14

4 >5 && 45<=14 | | 14 < 4+5 && 6>90

4 >5 && 45<=14 | | 14 < 9 && 6>90

0 && 0 || 0 && 0

0 || 0
0 False Condition
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Class Task
Write the answer to the following expression manually to show
how operator precedence groups operands:

a > b && 45 <= sum || sum < a + b && d > 90

Note: Don't change the meaning of the expression; use

parentheses to clarify the order of evaluation.

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 switch statement

Provides a series of alternatives (selections) based on the value of a SINGLE

variable

Replaces a series of chained if-else statements

Makes code easier to read

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 Switch - Syntax
switch (Variable)
{
case <value_1> :
statement1;
statement2;
break;

case <value_2> :
statement1;
statement2;
break;

case <value_3> :
statement1;
break;

default:
statement1; Optional
statement2;}

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 switch statement (without break)
Suppose ch is 'a’

switch (ch) {
case 'a': cout <<“ ch contains a”;
case 'b': cout <<“ ch contains b”;
case 'c': cout <<“ ch contains c”;
}

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 Switch statement (with break)
Suppose ch is ‘b’

switch (ch) {
case 'a': cout <<“ ch contains a”; break;
case 'b': cout <<“ ch contains b”; break;
case 'c': cout <<“ ch contains c”; break;
}
cout<<“\n End of program…”;

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 Switch – Example-1
char grade;
cin>>grade;

switch (grade) {
case ‘A’:
tution_fees *= 0.20;
break;

case ‘B’:
tution_fees *= 0.40;
break;

case ‘C’:
tution_fees *= 0.60;
break;
default:
tution_fees *= 1;}
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 Switch – Example-2
int day;
cout<<“Enter day number“;
cin>>day;

switch (day)
{
case 1 :
cout << "This is a weekend day";
break;
case 7 :
case 3 :
case 6 : cout << "This is a weekday"; break;
default : cout << "Not a legal day"; }

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 Switch – Example-3
int n1, n2;
char op;
cout<<“Enter numbers: “;
cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“Enter an arithmetic operator”;
cin>>op;
switch (op) {
case ‘+’ :
cout<<(a+b); break;
case ‘-’ :
cout<<(a-b); break;
case ‘*’ :
cout<<(a*b); break;
case ‘/’ :
cout<<(a/b); break;
default:
cout<<“Error: Invalid key…"; }
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 Nested Switch

• switch can also be nested…

• Another switch part of the case component

• Example…

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Example: Nested switch
 Ternary/Conditional Operator

The conditional operator ( ? : ) is a ternary operator

(three operands), is used to simplify an if/else
statement.

condition ? expression2 : expression3;

If expression1 is true, the result of the conditional expression is expression2.

Otherwise, the result is expression3

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 Conditional Operator (Ternary operator)

if (x > 0)
y = 1;
else
y = -1;

is equivalent to

Y=(x > 0) ? 1 : -1;

Syntax:
result = (condition) ? Expression1 : Expression2;

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 Conditional Operator, examples

cout << ((num % 2 == 0) ? "num is even" : "num is

odd");
int min_value = (num1<num2) ? num1 : num2;

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 Nested Ternary Operator
Just like if…, ternary operator can be nested too
Syntax:
result = (condition) ? Expression1 : Expression2;

This can be another

test condition …

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 Examples…

a ? b : c;

if ( a )
b;
else
c;

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 Examples…
//conditions are in red
a ? b : c ? d : e ? f : g ? h : i;

if (a)
b;
else if (c)
d;
else if (e)
f;
else if (g)
h;
else
i;
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 Exercise-1

 What will be the output of the following code?

int marks= 2;

switch(marks)
{
case 1: cout<<”You are in year-1”;
case 2: cout<<”You are in year-1”;
case 3: cout<<”You are in year-2”;
case 4: cout<<”You are in year-2”;
}
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 Exercise-2

 What will be the output of the following code?

int n = -29;
int temp = (n<0)?-n:n;
cout<<temp;

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 Exercise-3

 What will be the output of the following code?

int x=21, y=31, z=44;

if(x>16 && y>x || z%2==0 )

cout<<“Hello“;
else
cout<<“World!“;

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 Exercise-4
 What will be the output of the following code?
int a = 5, b = 30;
if(a > b)
if(b > 0)
a = a + 5;
else
if(b >= 30)
b = b * 10;

cout<<”a=”<<a<<” ”<<”, b=”<<b;

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 Exercise-5

What will be the output of the following code?

int x = 5, y = 30;

if(y/x > 2)
if(y % x !=2)
x = x + 2;

cout<<x<<”\n“<<y;

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 Exercise-6

 Write a program that ask the user to enter a number in the

range of 1—10.

Use a switch statement and display corresponding Roman

Number against each entered decimal value. E.g.,

1I
 2  II
 3  III
4  IV
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 Exercise-8
 Write a program that calculates the person’s Body Mass Index (BMI). The BMI is
often used to determine if a person is overweight, or underweight for his/her
height.

BMI is calculated as:

BMI = (weight * 703) / (height*height)

weight is in pounds and height is in inches.

The program should display the message:
- “Optimal Weight” if BMI is 18.5—25
- “Under Weight” if BMI is < 18.5
- “Over Weight” if BMI is > 25
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References
Text book: Starting out with c++

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