Gajera Global School

CHAPTER-1
COMPUTER HISTORY AND
GENERATIONS
Chaitsi Desai
Computer Educator
Learning Objectives
■ Concept of counting

■ Early calculating devices

■ The first Electro-Mechanical computer

■ The first electronic computer

■ Personal computer

■ Generation

■ Generations of Computer
Concept Of Counting
■ Computer is an electronic machine that makes our work faster, easier, and well organized.

■ Computers have their own history.

■ It has been a combination of efforts and ideas of many people from all over the world.

■ The concept of counting started with the existence of human beings.

■ In ancient times people used to count with the help of stones, sticks, fingers, toes, etc. and store
information by making marks on walls, pillars, rocks, etc.

■ In the course of time it became difficult to do bigger and complex calculations with such an object, so
people started thinking of some kind of device which would make their task easier.

■ The first calculating device ABACUS was invented.

Early Calculating Devices
■ ABACUS :
– It was the first calculating device invented about 500 years ago by the Chinese.

– simple calculations like addition and subtraction were performed using it.
Early Calculating Devices
■ NAPIER’S BONES
– In 1617, Scottish mathematician John Napier
invented a calculating device called Napier's
bones.

– This device was a set of rectangular rods

marked with numbers on them.

– It was meant for simple calculations like

addition subtraction multiplication of numbers.

– Later on it was improved to perform division

and to find the square root.
Early Calculating Devices
■ PASCALINE
– In 1642, a French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical computing

machine known as Pascaline.

– It consisted of a box with movable gears that could add, subtract, multiply and divide the
number very easily.
Early Calculating Devices
■ LEIBNIZ’S STEP RECKONER
– In 1692, the more advanced calculating machine named Step Reckoner was developed by a

German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

– It could Perform all four basic mathematical operation.

Early Calculating Devices
■ BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE

– In 1822, mathematics professor of Cambridge University England, Charles Babbage developed a

machine known as Difference Engine. It could perform mathematical operations automatically.

– In 1833 he had a better idea and designing and other machine called Analytical Engine.

– It had five key features: Input device, Storage unit, Processor, Control unit, Output device

– All these five features are found in today's modern computer there for Charles Babbage is also

known as the “Father of Computer”

Early Calculating Devices
■ TABULATING MACHINE
– In 1890, Herman Hollerith, Army engineer invented a Tabulating
Machine.

– It was used in to count the population of USA.

– The use of Tabulating Machine was so successful that Herman Hollerith, Formed
a company that later become famous as the International Business Machine
or IBM
The First Electro-mechanical
Computer
■ Mark I
– In 1944, professor Harvard Aiken built the first Electro-Mechanical computer named Mark I
– It was 51 feet long, weighed 5 tons, and used a typewriter for input and punched card for output.
– This device was the first computer in real sense.
The First Electronic Computer
■ ENIAC AND UNIVAC
– Jhon Mauchly and Jhon Presper Eckert together built the first successful Electronic digital

computer known as ENIAC( Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer).

– It was operational in 1946. ENIAC was 10 feet wide and 100 feet long. It occupied 1800 square
feet of area and put perform 5,000 addition per second.

– In 1951, Jhon Mauchly and Jhon Presper Eckert Develop another successful computer known

as UNIVAC( Universal Automatic Computer).

– It could handle both numeric and textual information.

– It was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client us census Bureau in 1951.
Personal computer
■ In 1981, IBM introduced a Personal Computer(PC).

■ In 1984, they introduced the advanced version of Personal

Computer called PC-AT (Advanced Technology).

■ This computer was small in size, faster in speed, more

accurate and more reliable.

■ There are several types of personal computers available

nowadays for example:

– Desktop Computer

– Laptop Computer

– Tablet Computer
Generation
■ Computer has its different generation like

■ With each generation, the computer has become smaller, faster and more advanced than the previous
generation.
Generations of Computer
■ Generation means the production or creation of something.

■ In terms of computer, generation means remarkable development and growth in

computer technology.

■ The growth of computer took place in five phases called Computer Generation.
First Generations Computer (1946-1958)
■ The first Generation of computers started in 1946.
■ The maker of these computers used thousands of vacuum tubes, which were huge,
taking up the space of entire room
■ Features of First Generation Computers:
– They used vacuum tube technology.
– They used machine language.
– The size was very big.
– They were very expensive.
– They produced a lot of heat.
– The operating speed was very slow.
– They were not much reliable.
■ ENIAC and UNIVAC are the example of first generation computer
Second Generations Computer (1959-1964)
■ The second Generation of computers were introduced in late 1950s .
■ Second generation computers used Transistors.
■ Features of Second Generation Computers:

– They used transistor.

– They used assembly language.

– The cost got reduced.

– The size become smaller.

– Operating speed become faster.

– They produced a lot of heat.

■ IBM 140, MARK II and LEO are the examples of second generation of computers.
Third Generation Computer (1965-1970)
■ In the mid of 1960s, the development of integrated circuit was a major breakthrough
resulting in introduction of the Third generation of computers.
■ The transistors were replaced by the integrated Circuits(IC) also known as
Semiconductor Chips.
■ Features of Third Generation Computers:
– They used Ics.
– They used High level language.
– The size become smaller
– They generated less heat and were more reliable.
– They perform billions of instructions in a few seconds.
– Users interacted with keyboard and monitors interfaced with an OS.
■ IBM-360, ICL 1900, CDC are examples of third generation computers.
Fourth Generation Computers (1971 onwards)
■ In Fourth Generation of computers they used Microprocessor, which is a single chip that
does all the processing. Thousand of integrated circuits were built on to a single chip.
■ These computers become more pewful and they could be linked together to form
network which led to the development of internet.
■ Features of Fourth Generation Computers:
– They use Microprocessor.
– Use high level language
– They are multipurpose computers
– They are accurate reliable and very fast.

■ Intel 4004. Macintosh, IBM 370 are examples of Fourth generation computers.

■ In 1981 IBM introduced first personal computer for home users and in 1984, Apple introduced the
Macintosh
Fifth Generation Computers (present and beyond)
■ The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence(AI). They are still
in development.
■ The goal is to develop the computers that can respond to natural languages, and
capable of learning and taking their own decisions for example Robot.
■ Features of Fifth Generation Computers:
– Use super large scale integrated chips.
– Will have Artificial Intelligence
– Will be able to recognize images and graphs.
– Able to solve high complex problems.
– They are intended to work with natural language.
THANK YOU!!!