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DAY11 DBMSFunctions

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DAY11 DBMSFunctions

Uploaded by

Marnie Omar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Functions of a Database

Management System
Functions of a DBMS
C.J. Date

 Backup/Recovery
Indexing
 Views
Design
 Security
Documentation
 Integrity
Update/Query
 Concurrency
Views

Views Permit
 Maintaining a constant user interface
 Restricting access to specified
attributes
 Specifying user rights
Views
3 Schema Architecture

User Views (Views or


LOGICAL
Queries)

Database administrators
CONCEPTUAL model for the data (E-R
diagrams)

Actual data placement and


PHYSICAL
structure (SQL statements)
Security

Components that limit access or


actions to limit potential damage
to data.
Security

Limit data access to properly authorized


users or programs. Protect data against
accidental or intentional damage.
• Deter
• Detect
• Minimize
• Recover
• Investigate
Security Approaches

 Views limit access and actions


 Authorization Rules identify users and
restrict actions
 User Defined Procedures in addition
to database security functions
 Encryption encode stored data
 Authentication positively identify users
Authorization Rules

Subject Object Action Constraint


Sales Dept Cust Insert Credit < $5000
Program Ar4 Order Modify None
Terminal 12 Cust Modify Balance Due
Order Trans Cust Read None
Authorization Rules

Some DBMS products authorize actions


based on specific records and functional
descriptions. However, most DBMS’s limit
actions on tables to one of:
• Read: view but not change
• Insert: read and add records
• Update: read, insert and change records
• Alter/Delete: read, insert, update and
delete records, change table structure
User Defined Procedures

Code modules that enforce security


procedures are run during
processing

User DBMS
Procedures Constraints DBMS
Integrity

Components that preserve the


relationship among different
related records in the database
Integrity

The relationship among records in the


database
 Referential Integrity
 Non Key Integrity
 Derived Conditions
Constraints in SQL

CREATE TABLE … or
ALTER TABLE … ADD
 CHECK(condition)
 PRIMARY KEY attribute-name
 FOREIGN KEY attribute-name

REFERENCES parent-table
The parent table must already have a primary key defined
Concurrency

Preventing two users from


interfering with each other when
they use the same information
Concurrency

 Lockout
Restricting access to users who could be
misled by partial transactions
 Versioning
Making trial updates on versions of the
database and denying one if there is a data
conflict.
Locks
Master
Program 1 locks record
Student Grade
<exclusive>.
00 Fred No other program can
01 Anthony read the record.
No program can have
02 Steve an active lock.
03 Ivan Program 2 locks record
<shared>
Other programs can
read, but not change
record.
No program can have
an exclusive lock.
Locks

 On INSERT or UPDATE statements


 SELECT column-names
FROM table-names
WHERE …
FOR UPDATE OF column-names
NOWAIT;
Concurrency
Locks

 Exclusivity
Granularity
• Exclusive
Field
• Shared
Record
• Table
• Database
Concurrency
Deadlock

Two programs request conflicting sets of data


lock up the database while awaiting access.
• Program 1 locks record A
• Program 2 locks record B
• Program 1 requests lock on record B; waits
• Program 2 requests lock on record A; waits
System either times out and restarts each
transaction after a random wait or recognizes
the deadlock to abort one program.
Versioning

Version 1

Time 1 Version 2
Version 3
Time 2
Time 3

Commits version 3 only after changes to versions 1


and 2 have been rolled back.
Backup and Recovery

Processes to confirm and repeat


transactions so that database
can be restored to a valid state
after a problem.
Backup and Recovery

 Backup Copies
• Master
• Transaction Log
 Journalization
• Forward Log
• Backward Log
 Checkpoints
DBMS Logs
Master Transaction
Student Grade Insert Li with grade A
00 Fred Change Fred’s grade to A
01 Anthony
02 Steve
03 Ivan
Recover from Backup

Transac-
Backup + tion = Recovered
Database

 Slow
 May give different answers from original
DBMS Logs
Transaction Forward Log
Ins Li with grade A Student Grade
Chg Fred’s grade to A 03 Li A
00 Fred A

Master Backward Log


Student Grade Student Grade
00 Fred A 03 n/p
01 Anthony 00 Fred
02 Steve
03 Li A
DBMS Logs
Transaction Forward Log
Ins Li with grade A Student Grade
Chg Fred’s grade to A 03 Li A
10:00 Checkpoint 00 Fred A
Chkpt
Master Backward Log
Student Grade Student Grade
00 Fred A 03 n/p
01 Anthony 00 Fred
02 Steve
Chkpt
03 Li A
DBMS Logs
Transaction Forward Log
Ins Li with grade A Student Grade
Chg Fred’s grade to A 03 Li A
10:00 Checkpoint 00 Fred A
Chkpt
Chg Steve grade to B
02 Steve B
Master Backward Log
Student Grade Student Grade
00 Fred A 03 n/p
01 Anthony 00 Fred
02 Steve B Chkpt
03 Li A 02 Steve
Recover to Checkpoint
Using Logs

Backward
Contaminated
Database
- Log = Correct at
Checkpoint

Recent
+ Transactions = Recovered
Database
Transaction Processing

A set of computer operations required to


process a single unit of work.

A transaction must conclude with the


database in a valid state whether the
transaction terminates correctly or
abnormally
Transaction Processing

 Transaction Boundary
• Locking
Exclusive Shared
• Logging
Forward Backward Transaction
• Modification
Delete Insert Update
• Commitment
Commit Rollback
Transaction Boundaries

 Set Boundary
• Obtain Locks
• Execute Code Modules
• Evaluate Correctness
 Commit or Rollback
• Release Locks
Transaction Boundaries

 Set savepoint:
SAVEPOINT order_save;
 Commit or rollback:
ROLLBACK TO order_save;
Transaction Boundaries
Premiere Products Example

SALESREP CUSTOMER

ORDER

PRODUCT ORDER-PRODUCT

Place an order for a new customer


with a 1500 credit limit
Transaction Boundaries
Premiere Products Example

SALESREP CUSTOMER

ORDER

PRODUCT ORDER-PRODUCT

• Insert CUSTOMER Record


• Update CUSTOMER with SALESREP Foreign Key
• Insert ORDER Record
• Insert ORDER-PRODUCT with Foreign Keys
• Update ProductOnHand in PRODUCT
• Check Credit Limit
Transaction Processing
Programming Logic

Two phased locking requires obtaining


locks on all necessary records before
releasing locks on any records.
 Obtain locks on all records needed
 Perform calculations
 Release locks
Functions of a DBMS
C.J. Date

 Backup/Recovery
Indexing
 Views
Design
 Security
Documentation
 Integrity
Update/Query
 Concurrency

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