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7.4.data Collection Methods

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9 views30 pages

7.4.data Collection Methods

Uploaded by

tesfahuntekletilahun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Collection

Technique and Tools

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Methods of Data Collection

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Factors in Choice of data collection Method
 Characteristics of study population
 Literacy
 Physical and mental abilities
 Motivation
 Access to sample
 Location
 Time available for data collection
 Infrastructure available (telephones, mail service,
internet access)
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Factors in Choice of data collection Method….

 Availability of information about


study population
 Telephone numbers
 Completeness of addresses
 Tracing information

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Observation
 Observation is a technique that involves
systematically selecting, watching and
recording behavior and characteristics of
living
beings, objects or phenomena.
• Participant observation
• Non-participant observation

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Participant Observation

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Non Participant Observation

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Observation…

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Golden Rules of Observation

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Interview

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Interview :High degree of flexibility

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Interview :low degree of flexibility

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Interviewing Tips

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Hints for Successful Interviews

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Self-administered questionnaire
• Sending questionnaires by mail
• Gathering all or part of the respondents in one
place at one time, giving oral or written
instructions, and letting them fill out the
questionnaires
• Hand-delivering questionnaires to
respondents and collecting them later

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Focus group discussions (FGDs)
• FGDs allow a group of 8-12 informants to
freely discuss a certain subject with the
guidance of a facilitator or reporter

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Golden Rules of FGD
Participants:
• 8 to 12 people
• with similar background
• preferably do not know each other
• sitting in a circle

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Secondary Data
• Some research topics can be examined through
analysis of data already collected and compiled (e.g.
DHS data, Hospital records etc.)
• Advantage:
– minimize cost
– Examination of trends over time
• Disadvantage:
– Data is not always easily accessible.
– Ethical issues concerning confidentiality may arise.
– Information may be imprecise, limited to some
variables or incomplete.
– Data collection may not be standardized.

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Types of questions
• Depending on how questions are asked and
recorded we can distinguish two major
possibilities
1. Open-ended questions: (allowing for
completely open as well as partially
categorized answers)
It permit free responses which should be
recorded in the respondents' own words.

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Types of questions
 Such questions are useful for obtaining in-
depth information on:

• facts with which the researcher is not very


familiar,

• opinions, attitudes and suggestions of


informants, or

• sensitive issues.
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Types of questions
• Example;

1. 'What is your opinion on the services provided


in the ANC?' (Explain why.)

2. 'What do you think are the reasons some


adolescents in this area start using drugs?

3. 'What would you do if you noticed that your


daughter (school girl) had a relationship with a
teacher?'
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Types of questions
• Advantage of open-ended questions
• Allow you to probe more deeply into issues of interest being raised.
• Information provided in the respondents' own words might be
useful

• Risks of completely open-ended questions


• A big risk is incomplete recording of all relevant issues covered in
the discussion.
• Analysis is time-consuming and requires experience; otherwise
important data may be lost.

22
Types of questions
2. Closed questions: have a list of possible options or answers from
which the respondents must choose

Closed questions are most commonly used for background


variables such as age, marital status or education, although in
the case of age and education you may also take the exact
values and categorise them during data analysis

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Types of questions

1. 'Women who have induced abortion should


be severely punished.‘

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Types of questions
2. Did you eat any of the following foods
yesterday?' (Circle yes if at least one item in each
set of items is eaten.)

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Types of questions
• Advantages of closed questions
• It saves time
• Comparing responses of different groups, or of
the same group over time, becomes easier.
• Risks of closed questions:
• In case of illiterate respondents, bias will be
introduce

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Steps in designing questionnaire
1. Content: Take your objectives and variables as a starting point

2. Formulating questions: Formulate one or more questions that will


provide the information needed for each variable.
 Check whether each question measures one thing at a
time.
 Avoid leading questions.
 Ask sensitive questions in a socially acceptable way:

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Steps in designing questionnaire……

3. Sequencing the questions: Design your interview


schedule or questionnaire to be 'informant
friendly‘
4. Formatting the questionnaire:
When you finalize your questionnaire, be sure
that
 A separate, introductory page is attached to
each questionnaire

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Steps in designing questionnaire…….
 Explaining the purpose of the study
 requesting the informant's consent to be
interviewed
 assuring confidentiality of the data obtained.
• Each questionnaire has a heading and space to insert
the number, date and location of the interview
• You may add the name of the interviewer, to
facilitate quality control.
5. Translation
6. Pre-test:

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Thank You

08/09/24 30

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