Dengue Fever

DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
GROUP (E)
OVERVIEW
 Dengue (DENG-gey) fever is a mosquito-borne illness that occurs in tropical and subtropical
areas of the world. Mild dengue fever causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms. The severe form
of dengue fever, also called dengue haemorrhagic fever, can cause serious bleeding, a sudden
drop in blood pressure (shock) and death.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Millions of cases of dengue infection occur worldwide each year. Dengue fever is most common
in Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa. But the disease has been
spreading to new areas, including local outbreaks in Europe and southern parts of the United
States.
 Researchers are working on dengue fever vaccines. For now, in areas where dengue fever is
common, the best ways to prevent infection are to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes and to take
steps to reduce the mosquito population.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 Dengue viruses are spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes (Ae.
aegypti or Ae. albopictus). These are the same types of mosquitoes that
spread Zika and chikungunya viruses.
 A pregnant woman already infected with dengue can pass the virus to her foetus during pregnancy
or around the time of birth.
 Rarely, dengue can be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or through a needle
stick injury.
PATHOLOGY
 Plasma leakage is specific to the pleural and peritoneal surfaces: plasma leakage results from
cytokine mediated increase in vascular permeability.
 The immune system is implicated in the pathogenesis of DHF owing to the increased propensity
to develop DHF with secondary dengue infection.
 The pathogenesis of bleeding in DHF is unclear even though well-recognised coagulation
disturbances do exist.
SYMPTOMS/CF
 Patients with Dengue fever usually present with a high fever — 104 F (40 C) — and any of the following signs and symptoms:
 Headache
 Skin erythema
 Myalgia
 Bleeding (any haemorrhagic manifestations)
 Muscle, bone or joint pain
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Pain behind the eyes
 Swollen glands
 Rash
Most people recover within a week or so. In some cases, symptoms worsen and can become life-
threatening. This is called severe dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock
syndrome.
Severe dengue: happens when the blood vessels become damaged and leaky. And the number of
clot-forming cells (platelets) in the bloodstream drops. This can lead to shock, internal bleeding,
organ failure and even death.
WARNING SIGNS OF SEVERE DENGUE
FEVER
 The warning signs usually begin the first day or two after the fever goes away, and may include:
 Severe stomach pain

 Persistent vomiting
 Bleeding from gums or nose
 Blood in urine, stools or vomit
 Bleeding under the skin, which might look like bruising
 Difficult or rapid breathing
 Fatigue
 Irritability or restlessness
DIAGNOSIS
Dengue fever is diagnosed thorough careful clinical (History & Examination) and laboratory
procedures which includes:
 Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)
 Serologic tests
 Cross-reactive flaviviruses
 And IgG antibody testing amongst others.
MANAGEMENT
 APPROACH: Dengue fever is usually a self-limited illness. There is no specific antiviral

treatment currently available for dengue fever.
 Supportive care with analgesics, fluid replacement, and bed rest is usually sufficient.
Acetaminophen may be used to treat fever and relieve other symptoms.
 Patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome may require intravenous
volume replacement. Plasma volume expanders can be used in patients who do not respond to
isotonic fluids.
 Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroids should be avoided.
 Management of severe dengue requires careful attention to fluid management and proactive
treatment of haemorrhage.
PREVENTION:
The only way to truly prevent dengue virus acquisition is to avoid being bitten by a vector mosquito.
VACCINATION:
One vaccine is currently approved for the prevention of dengue infection. Sanofi Pasteur registered
Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV), a live recombinant tetravalent vaccine, in several countries in late 2015-2016,
with Mexico being the initial country to register the vaccine in December 2015.
CONCLUSION
 Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne illness that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world
which can be transmitted transplacental or rearely through blood transfusion and organ transplant.
 It is characterized by high fever and flu-like symptoms amongst others.
 The only way to prevent Dengue fever is to avoid mosquito bites and prevent mosquito
population.
 It is a self-limited illness. There is no specific antiviral treatment currently available for dengue
fever
 Supportive care with analgesics, fluid replacement, and bed rest is usually sufficient in
management of dengue fever.
THANK YOU
THAT’S ALL FOLKS <3

Dengue Fever

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DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

 Severe stomach pain

 APPROACH: Dengue fever is usually a self-limited illness. There is no specific antiviral

THAT’S ALL FOLKS <3

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