Chapter 1

Introduction
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Down Approach
6th edition
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Addison-Wesley
March 2012
The course notes are adapted for Bucknell’s CSCI 363
Xiannong Meng
Spring 2016
Introduction 1-1
Course Goals
Upon successful completion of the course,
students will
 Be proficient in network and system programs in C
through labs and projects
 Be able to explain layered architecture of network
protocols in particular, and appreciate abstraction in
complex software in general
 Be able to dissect the code for existing network
software
 Be able to create client-server programs at certain level
of sophistication

Introduction 1-2
What is in the “overview”?
 what’s the Internet?
 what’s a protocol?
 network edge: hosts, access net, physical media
 network core: packet/circuit switching, Internet
structure
 performance: loss, delay, throughput
 security
 protocol layers, service models
 history

Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC  millions mobile network
of connected
server computing devices:
wireless  hosts = end systems global ISP
laptop
smartphone
 running network apps
home
 communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
 fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links  transmission rate:
bandwidth

 Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
 routers and switches
Introduction 1-4
“Fun” internet appliances
-- Internet of Things
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely

Internet
refrigerator Internet apps in cars we drive Internet phones
Introduction 1-5
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
 Internet: “network of
networks” global ISP
 Interconnected ISPs
 Protocols: control sending, home
receiving of information network
regional ISP
 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
802.11
 Internet standards:
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
institutional
network

Introduction 1-6
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
 Infrastructure that
provides services to global ISP
applications:
 Web, VoIP, email, games, e- home
commerce, social nets, … network
regional ISP
 Infrastructure that
provides programming
interface to apps
 hooks that allow sending
and receiving app programs
to “connect” to Internet
institutional
network

Introduction 1-7
 What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “knock, knock, who’s  machines rather than
there” humans
 Call through phones  all communication activity
 Introductions in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken when
msgs received, or other protocols define format,
events order of msgs sent and
received among network
entities, and actions taken
on msg transmission,
receipt Introduction 1-8
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction 1-9
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-10
A closer look at network structure:
 network edge: mobile network

 hosts: clients and servers

global ISP
 servers often in data
centers
home
 access networks, network
regional ISP
physical media: wired,
wireless communication
links
 network core:
 interconnected routers
 network of networks institutional
network

Introduction 1-11
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
 shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-12
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

Introduction 1-13
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
A residence typically obtains DSL Internet access from the same local telephone
company (telco) that provides its wired local phone access. Thus, when DSL is used,
a customer’s telco is also its ISP. As shown in the above figure each customer’s DSL
modem uses the existing telephone line (twisted pair copper wire), to exchange data
with a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) located in the telco’s local
central office (CO).

The home’s DSL modem takes digital data and translates it to high frequency tones
for transmission over telephone wires to the CO;
The analog signals from many such houses are translated back into digital format at
the DSLAM.

The residential telephone line carries both data and traditional telephone signals
simultaneously, which are encoded at different frequencies: •
A high-speed downstream channel, in the 50 kHz to 1 MHz band • A medium-speed
upstream channel, in the 4 kHz to 50 kHz band • An ordinary two-way telephone
channel, in the 0 to 4 kHz band

On the customer side, a splitter separates the data and telephone signals arriving to
the home and forwards the data signal to the DSL modem. On the telco side, in the
CO, the DSLAM separates the data and phone signals and sends the data into the
Internet. Hundreds or even thousands of households connect to a single DSLAM

Introduction 1-14
Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-15
Access net: cable network
Cable Internet access makes use of the cable television company’s existing cable
television infrastructure. A residence obtains cable Internet access from the same
company that provides its cable television. As illustrated in above figure, fiber optics
connect the cable head end to neighborhood-level junctions, from which traditional
coaxial cable is then used to reach individual houses and apartments. Each
neighborhood junction typically supports 500 to 5,000 homes. Because both fiber and
coaxial cable are employed in this system, it is often referred to as hybrid fiber coax
(HFC).

Cable internet access requires special modems, called cable modems. As with a DSL
modem, the cable modem is typically an external device and connects to the home PC
through an Ethernet port

At the cable head end, the cable modem termination system (CMTS) serves a similar
function as the DSL network’s DSLAM—turning the analog signal sent from the cable
modems in many downstream homes back into digital format

Introduction 1-16
FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
Introduction 1-17
 Access net: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Introduction 1-18
Access net: home network
The Ethernet and WiFi access networks were initially deployed in enterprise (corporate,
university) settings, they have recently become relatively common components of home
networks. Many homes combine broadband residential access (that is, cable modems or
DSL) with these inexpensive wireless LAN technologies to create powerful home
networks . The above Figure shows a typical home network. This home network consists
of a roaming laptop as well as a wired PC; a base station (the wireless access point),
which communicates with the wireless PC; a cable modem, providing broadband access
to the Internet; and a router, which interconnects the base station and the stationary PC
with the cable modem. This network allows household members to have broadband
access to the Internet

Introduction 1-19
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

 typically used in companies, universities, etc

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-20
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)
On corporate and university campuses, and increasingly in home settings, a local area network
(LAN) is used to connect an end system to the edge router. Although there are many types of
LAN technologies, Ethernet is by far the most prevalent access technology in corporate,
university, and home networks. As shown in Figure Ethernet users use twisted-pair copper
wire to connect to an Ethernet switch The Ethernet switch, or a network of such interconnected
switches, is then in turn connected into the larger Internet. With Ethernet access, users
typically have 100 Mbps access to the Ethernet switch, whereas servers may have 1 Gbps or
even 10 Gbps access

In a wireless LAN setting, wireless users transmit/receive packets to/from an access point that
is connected into the enterprise’s network (most likely including wired Ethernet), which in turn is
connected to the wired Internet. A wireless LAN user must typically be within a few tens of
meters of the access point. Wireless LAN access based on IEEE 802.11 technology, more
colloquially known as WiFi, is now just about everywhere—universities, business offices, cafes,
airports, homes, and even in airplanes

Introduction 2-21
 Ethernet Switches, Routers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_router

Introduction 2-22
Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access network connects end system to router
 via base station a.k.a. “access point”

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

 within building (100 ft)  provided by telco (cellular)
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11.54 Mbps operator, 10’s km
transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-23
Wireless access networks
Increasingly, devices such as iPhones, BlackBerrys, and Android devices are being
used to send email, surf the Web, Tweet, and download music while on the run. These
devices employ the same wireless infrastructure used for cellular telephony to
send/receive packets through a base station that is operated by the cellular network
provider.

Unlike WiFi, a user need only be within a few tens of kilometers (as opposed to a few
tens of meters) of the base station. Telecommunications companies have made
enormous investments in so-called third-generation (3G) wireless, which provides
packet-switched wide-area wireless Internet access at speeds in excess of 1 Mbps.
But even higher-speed wide-area access technologies—a fourth-generation (4G) of
wide-area wireless networks—are already being deployed.

LTE ( for “Long-Term Evolution”—a candidate for Bad Acronym of the Year Award)
has its roots in 3G technology, and can potentially achieve rates in excess of 10
Mbps.
LTE downstream rates of many tens of Mbps have been reported in commercial
deployments.

Introduction 1-24
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
 takes application message
 breaks into smaller two packets,
chunks, known as packets, L bits each
of length L bits
 transmits packet into
access network at 2 1
transmission rate R R: link transmission rate
 link transmission rate, host
a.k.a. link capacity,
aka link bandwidth

1-25
Physical media
 bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
 physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter & receiver  two insulated copper wires
 guided media:  Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gpbs Ethernet
 signals propagate in solid  Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
 signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-26
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 broadband:  high-speed point-to-point
 multiple channels on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
Gpbs transmission rate)
 HFC
 low error rate:
 repeaters spaced far apart
 immune to electromagnetic
noise

Introduction 1-27
Physical media: radio
 signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
 no physical “wire”  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
 bidirectional  LAN (e.g., WiFi)
 propagation environment  11Mbps, 54 Mbps
effects:  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
 reflection  3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
 4G LTE: 10s to 100s Mbps
 obstruction by objects
 interference
 satellite
 Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low
altitude

Introduction 1-28
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-29
The network core
 mesh of interconnected
routers
 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
 forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
 each packet transmitted at
full link capacity

Introduction 1-30
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:

 If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link
for a period of time:
 packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
 packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

Introduction 1-31
 Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets
destination route taken by from router’s input to
packets appropriate router output
 routing algorithms

routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
1
011

dest address in arriving

packet’s header
Network Layer 4-32
Alternative core: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated
to, reserved for “call”
between source &
destination:
 In diagram, each link has five circuits.
 call gets 2nd circuit in top link and
1st circuit in right link.
 Dedicated resources: no sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 Circuit segment idle if not used by
call (no sharing)
 Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-33
Internet structure: network of networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
 Residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
 So that any two hosts can send packets to each other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
 Evolution was driven by economics and national policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP

…

…
to each other directly doesn’t

…
access access
…

net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
…

… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…

…
access access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
…. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
…
access
access
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to
ISPS

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft,
Akamai ) may run their own network, to bring services, content
close to end users
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP B
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
 Internet structure: network of networks

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

 at center: small # of well-connected large networks

 “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national &
international coverage
 content provider network (e.g, Google): private network that connects it
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs Introduction 1-42
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Verizon, ATT, Sprint
POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering
… … …
…

to/from customers

Introduction 1-43
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-44
“Real” Internet delays and routes
 what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
 traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-end
Internet path towards destination. For all i:
 sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
 router i will return packets to sender
 sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-45
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

Introduction 1-46
Packet loss
 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
 packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
 lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by
source end system, or not at all

buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction 1-47
Throughput
 throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
 instantaneous: rate at given point in time
 average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bits
pipe fluid at rate
R bits/sec fluid at rate
s R bits/sec
to send to client c
Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-48
Throughput
Rs

Rc

Introduction 1-49
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-50
Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
 hosts Question:
 routers
is there any hope of
 links of various organizing structure of
media network?
 applications
 protocols …. or at least our
 hardware, discussion of networks?
software

Introduction 1-51
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

 a series of steps

Introduction 1-52
Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer below

Introduction 1-53
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
 explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
 layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
 change of implementation of layer’s service transparent
to rest of system
 e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system
 layering considered harmful?

Introduction 1-54
Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting network
applications
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
 transport: process-process data
transfer transport
 TCP, UDP
 network: routing of datagrams network
from source to destination
 IP, routing protocols link
 link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical
 Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
 physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-55
Application Layer
The application layer is where network applications and their application-layer
protocols reside. The Internet’s application layer includes many protocols, such as
the HTTP protocol (which provides for Web document request and transfer), SMTP
(which provides for the transfer of e-mail messages), and FTP (which provides for
the transfer of files between two end systems)
Transport layer
The Internet’s transport layer transports application-layer messages between
application endpoints. In the Internet there are two transport protocols, TCP and
UDP, either of which can transport application-layer messages. TCP provides a
connection-oriented service to its applications. This service includes guaranteed
delivery of application-layer messages to the destination and flow control (that is,
sender/receiver speed matching). TCP also breaks long messages into shorter
segments and provides a congestion-control mechanism, so that a source throttles
its transmission rate when the network is congested. The UDP protocol provides a
connectionless service to its applications. This is a no-frills service that provides no
reliability, no flow control, and no congestion control
Network Layer
The Internet’s network layer is responsible for moving network-layer packets known
as datagrams from one host to another. The Internet’s network layer includes the
celebrated IP Protocol, which defines the fields in the datagram as well as how the
end systems and routers act on these fields.

Introduction 1-56
Link Layer
To move a packet from one node (host or router) to the next node in the route, the
network layer relies on the services of the link layer. In particular, at each node,
the network layer passes the datagram down to the link layer, which delivers the
datagram to the next node along the route As datagrams typically need to
traverse several links to travel from source to destination, a datagram may be
handled by different link-layer protocols at different links along its route. For
example, a datagram may be handled by Ethernet on one link and by PPP on the
next link. The Link layer packets are referred to as frames.

Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for moving the individual bits within the frame
from one node to the next. The protocols in this layer are again link dependent
and further depend on the actual transmission medium of the link (for example,
twisted-pair copper wire, single-mode fiber optics).

Introduction 1-57
 message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-58
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
 Internet overview  context, overview, “feel”
 what’s a protocol? of networking
 network edge, core, access  more depth, detail to
network follow!
 packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
 Internet structure
 performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 layering, service models
 security
 history

Introduction 1-59
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in
Packet-Switched Networks
Types of Delay

Processing Delay
 The time required to examine the packet’s header and
determine where to direct the packet is part of the
processing delay.
 The processing delay can also include other factors, such
as the time needed to check for bit-level errors in the
packet that occurred in transmitting the packet’s bits from
the upstream node to router A. Processing delays in high-
speed routers are typically on the order of microseconds
or less. After this nodal processing, the router directs the
packet to the queue that precedes the link to router B
Queuing Delay

 At the queue, the packet experiences a queuing delay as it

waits to be transmitted onto the link. The length of the
queuing delay of a specific packet will depend on the
number of earlier-arriving packets that are queued and
waiting for transmission onto the link.
If the queue is empty and no other packet is currently
being transmitted, then our packet’s queuing delay will be
zero. On the other hand, if the traffic is heavy and many
other packets are also waiting to be transmitted, the
queuing delay will be long.
Transmission Delay

Time required to push all of the packet’s bits into the

link. Denote the length of the packet by L bits, and
denote the transmission rate of the link from
router A to router B by R bits/sec. For example, for
a 10 Mbps Ethernet link, the rate is R = 10 Mbps;
for 100 Mbps Ethernet link, the rate is R = 100
Mbps. The transmission delay is L/R

Introduction 2-62
propagation delay
 Once a bit is pushed into the link, it needs to
propagate to router B. The time required to propagate
from the beginning of the link to router B is the
propagation delay. The bit propagates at the
propagation speed of the link. The propagation speed
depends on the physical medium of the link (that is,
fiber optics, twisted-pair copper wire, and so on

 It is given by d/s where

 d is distance between router A and B
 s is the propagation speed of the link
 If we let dproc, dqueue, dtrans, and dprop denote
the processing, queuing, transmission, and
propagation delays, then the total nodal delay is
given by d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop

Introduction 2-64
End to End Delay
 dnodal= d proc+ d queue + d trans+ d prop
 Where d trans = L/R

 d end to end =N (d proc+ d trans+ d prop)

Introduction 1-65
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-66
Network security
 field of network security:
 how bad guys can attack computer networks
 how we can defend networks against attacks
 how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
 Internet not originally designed with (much)
security in mind
 original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users
attached to a transparent network” 
 Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
 security considerations in all layers!

Introduction 1-67
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via Internet
 malware can get in host from:
 virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing
object (e.g., e-mail attachment)
 worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving
object that gets itself executed
 spyware malware can record keystrokes, web sites
visited, upload info to collection site
 infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for
spam. DDoS attacks

Introduction 1-68
Bad guys: attack server, network infrastructure
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources
(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic
by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic

1. select target
2. break into hosts around the
network (see botnet)
3. send packets to target from
compromised hosts
target

Introduction 1-69
Bad guys can sniff packets
packet “sniffing”:
 broadcast media (shared ethernet, wireless)
 promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets
(e.g., including passwords!) passing by

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B
 wireshark software used for end-of-chapter labs is a
(free) packet-sniffer
Introduction 1-70
Bad guys can use fake addresses
IP spoofing: send packet with false source address
A C

src:B dest:A payload

… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

Introduction 1-71
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-72
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
 1961: Kleinrock -  1972:
queueing theory shows  ARPAnet public demo
effectiveness of packet-  NCP (Network Control
switching Protocol) first host-host
 1964: Baran - packet- protocol
switching in military nets  first e-mail program
 1967: ARPAnet  ARPAnet has 15 nodes
conceived by Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
 1969: first ARPAnet
node operational

Introduction 1-73
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
 1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s
 1974: Cerf and Kahn - internetworking principles:
architecture for interconnecting  minimalism, autonomy - no
networks internal changes required to
 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC interconnect networks
 best effort service model
 late70’s: proprietary
 stateless routers
architectures: DECnet, SNA,
XNA  decentralized control
 late 70’s: switching fixed length define today’s Internet
packets (ATM precursor) architecture
 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

Introduction 1-74
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
 1983: deployment of  new national networks:
TCP/IP Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet,
 1982: smtp e-mail Minitel
protocol defined  100,000 hosts connected
 1983: DNS defined for to confederation of
name-to-IP-address networks
translation
 1985: ftp protocol defined
 1988: TCP congestion
control

Introduction 1-75
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
 early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned  more killer apps: instant
 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet  network security to
(decommissioned, 1995) forefront
 early 1990s: Web  est. 50 million host, 100
 hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson million+ users
1960’s]  backbone links running at
 HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee Gbps
 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
 late 1990’s:
commercialization of the Web

Introduction 1-76
Internet history
2005-present
 ~750 million hosts
 Smartphones and tablets
 Aggressive deployment of broadband access
 Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
 Emergence of online social networks:
 Facebook: soon one billion users
 Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own
networks
 Bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous” access to
search, email, etc.
 E-commerce, universities, enterprises running their
services in “cloud” (eg, Amazon EC2)

Introduction 1-77
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
 Internet overview  context, overview, “feel”
 what’s a protocol? of networking
 network edge, core, access  more depth, detail to
network follow!
 packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
 Internet structure
 performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 layering, service models
 security
 history

Introduction 1-78