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MAGNETISM
Magnetism is the properties and interactions of magnets HISTORY: •Around 100 BC shepherds and dairy farmers of village of Magnesia (what is now Western Turkey) discovered magnetite. • Magnetite is a magnetic oxide of iron (Fe3 O4) HISTORY: •This rod like stone would rotate back and forth when suspended by a string. When it came to rest on the string, it supposedly pointed the way to water. It is called a lodestone or leading stone. HISTORY: •Magnetite was also used as a compass by ancient people • From any spot on Earth, magnetite pointed toward the North Pole and following the lodestone north would lead to water. HISTORY: •The word magnetism comes from the name of that amount village Magnesia INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETISM In a magnet we have magnetic poles – the north and the south pole. A North seeking pole is called the North Pole. A South seeking pole is called the South Pole. INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETISM
Any charged particle
in motion creates a magnetic field. INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETISM Magnets have two ends or poles, called north and south poles. At the poles of a magnet, the magnetic field lines are closer together. Magnetic Fields:
A magnet that is moved in space near a
second magnet experiences a magnetic field. A magnetic field can be represented by field lines. The strength of the magnetic field is greater where the lines are closer together and weaker where they are farther apart. The earth's magnetic field. Note that the magnetic north pole and the geographic North Pole are not in the same place. Note also that the magnetic north pole acts as if the south pole of a huge bar magnet were inside the earth. You know that it must be a magnetic south pole since the north end of a magnetic compass is attracted to it and opposite poles attract. What are magnetic domains? Magnetic substances like iron, cobalt, and nickel are composed of small areas where the groups of atoms are aligned like the poles of a magnet. These regions are called domains. All of the domains of a magnetic substance tend to align themselves in the same direction when placed in a magnetic field. These domains are typically composed of billions of atoms. Electricity and Magnetism – how are they related? “When an electric current passes through a wire a magnetic field is formed”. The direction of the magnetic field depends on the direction of the current in the wire CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETS
Earth Lodestone/Leading stone/ magnetite 2. Permanent Magnets •Compass •Permanent magnets are typically produced by charging them in the field of an electromagnet •The magnetic property of a magnet can be destroyed by heating it or even by hitting it with a hammer. •The individual magnetic domains are jarred from their alignment and thus become randomly aligned again. 3. Electromagnets
•Consist of wire wrapped around an
iron core. •When an electric current is conducted through the wire, a magnetic field is created •The intensity of magnetic field is proportional to the electric current. 3. Electromagnets When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire (solenoid) wrapped around a metal core, a very strong magnetic field is produced. This is called an electromagnet. All matter can be classified according to the manner in which it interacts with an external magnetic field.
1. Diamagnetic cannot be magnetized non magnetic they cannot be artificially magnetized and they are not attracted to a magnet Ex: wood, glass, plastic 2. Ferromagnetic • can be easily magnetized • strongly attracted by a magnet and can be usually be permanently magnetized by exposure to a magnetic field
• Ex: iron, aluminum, nickel, cobalt
(ALNICO), rare earth ceramics 3. Paramagnetic
Materialslie somewhere between
ferromagnetic and non-magnetic. they are slightly attracted to a magnetic field
Ex: gadolinium MAGNETIC LAWS:
1. Magnetic Dipoles Everymagnet no matter how small has two poles, north pole and south pole, equivalent to positive and negative electrostatic charges MAGNETIC LAWS:
2. Attraction and Repulsion
Just as with electrostatic charges, like magnetic poles repel and unlike magnetic poles attract. MAGNETIC LAWS: 3. Magnetic Induction •A ferromagnetic material can be made magnetic by being placed in the magnetic field lines of a magnet. •Imaginary magnetic field lines are called magnetic lines of induction and the density of the lines is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field MAGNETIC LAWS: 4. Magnetic Force or Maxwell Field Theory (Gauss Law) Magnetic force is proportional to the product of the magnetic pole strength divided by the square of the distance between them F= k P1 x P2 d2 If the distance between two bar magnets is halved, the magnetic force will be increased •The SI unit of magnetic field strength is the Tesla or Gauss •1 Tesla= 10, 000 Gauss •The Earth’s magnetic field is proximately 50T at the equator and 100T at the poles END
