Agriculture and

Development
 Agriculture and
Development
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing Countries and
Underdeveloped Countries
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• AGRICULTURE – the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil,
producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the
preparation and marketing of the resulting products.
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• RURAL AREAS are what?
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• RURAL AREAS are areas which are not towns or cities. They are often
farming or agricultural areas. These areas are sometimes called "the
country" or "countryside". People who live "in the country" often live
in small villages, but they might also live somewhere where there are
no other houses nearby
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• POVERTY is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks
the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of
living.
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• POVERTY is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks
the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of
living.
• Poverty means that the income level from employment is so low that
basic human needs can't be met.
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• POVERTY is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks
the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of
living.
• Poverty means that the income level from employment is so low that
basic human needs can't be met.
• Poverty-stricken people and families might go without proper
housing, clean water, healthy food, and medical attention. Each
nation may have its own threshold that determines how many of its
people are living in poverty.
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• What is Underdeveloped Country?
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• Underdeveloped Country – (Eugene Staley) A country characterised
by:
• mass poverty which is chronic (occurring repeatedly) and not the result of
temporary misfortune.
• obsolete methods of production and social organisation, which means that
the poverty is not due to poor natural resources and hence could presumably
be lessened by methods already proved in other countries”.
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• UNDERDEVELOPED ECONOMY – (M.P. Todaro ) is that economy in
which there are low levels of living, absolute poverty, low per capita
income, low consumption levels, poor health services, high death
rates, high birth rates and dependence on foreign countries.”
Agriculture and the Rural Poverty in Developing
Countries and Underdeveloped Countries
• Based on the Human Development Index, the ten most underdeveloped
countries in the world are:
• Niger
• Central African Republic
• South Sudan
• Chad
• Burundi
• Sierra Leone
• Burkina Faso
• Mali
• Liberia
• Mozambique
Agriculture in Developing
Countries
Agriculture in Developing Countries
• The story of farming in the developing world is a completely different
one. In the US, agricultural workers make up a very small portion of
the population, but agriculture employs anywhere between 50
percent and 90 percent of the population for farming in developing
countries. Of this percentage, small farmers are the most prevalent
form of producers, making up 70-90 percent of those working in
agriculture. According to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation’s
website “Three-quarters of the world’s poorest people get their food
and income by farming small plots of land about the size of a football
field.”
Improving Farming in Developing Countries
• As such, helping these small farmers in developing countries increase
production and sell more crops is the best way to combat global
hunger and poverty. The difficulties in increasing production for these
farmers include:
• unproductive soil
• plant diseases
• Pests
• drought.
Improving Farming in Developing Countries
• In many cases these small farmers trek miles to the nearest water
source and are only able to bring enough water back to produce small
amounts of crops. Lack of access to improved seeds or fertilizers and
pesticides further add to their hardships, in addition to a lack of
reliable markets and little available pricing information.
Improving Farming in Developing Countries
• One important aspect of furthering agricultural production in
developing countries is pushing for empowerment and equality of
women in these nations. In Asia, women produce 60 percent of
agricultural products, and in Africa that figure is 80 percent. However,
these same women also are not given equal access to credit which
could enable them to afford quality seeds, fertilzers, and water
pumps, increasing their production and providing more food to their
communities. If women farmers were given equal access to resources,
developing countries would see significant increases in agricultural
productivity.
Improving Farming in Developing Countries
• Other ways to aid these small farmers include investment in
technological innovations, such as cheap solar-powered water pumps,
and giving farmers better access to information about the markets
they are selling to. Thanks to new information technologies, farming
knowledge can now be transferred across regions through radio,
internet, and mobile phones.
Improving Farming in Developing Countries
• The important thing to note about farming in developing countries is
that such a large portion—up to 90 percent—of the economy is made
up of agriculture workers. If innovations and policies can improve
their standard of living then the majority of the poor in many
developing countries would be lifted out of poverty. Out of their rise
from poverty comes new consumers and contributors to the global
economy, benefitting not just developing countries, but developed
ones as well.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Agriculture commodities: refers to farm outputs, i.e., from the primary sector
largely in their fresh or non-transformed state.
• Agricultural diversification: a structural change in farming and food
processing/manufacturing system and economy aimed at reducing expanding
the productive base to optimise economic opportunities, enhance flexibility
to market signals, and spread risks.
• Agricultural incentives: provision of economic and other benefits by
Governments to the agriculture sector similar to those provided for
manufacturing, such as enhance availability of/access to credit, infrastructure
and equipment and other inputs and facilities for development aimed at to
improving productivity and reducing production costs.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Backyard gardening: crop and/or livestock production occurring within the vicinity of the home
for either household consumption or sale.
Biodiversity: the quantity and variety of living organisms on the planet, including genes, species
and ecosystems that support life through a system of inter-dependence within a specific
geographic region.
Change management: activities aimed at introducing new values and/or redefining/ reorienting
attitudes, norms, behaviours to encourage acceptance of new/productivity enhancing
technologies/systems within an organization, firm, cluster or industry.
Climate change adaptation: initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and
human systems against actual or expected climate change effects.
Commercial farming: market-focused and profit-oriented production of fresh commodities.
Domestic food production capacity: the extent to which local resources can satisfy a defined
portion of national food needs.
Ecosystem: the combined physical and biological components of an environment.
Environmental services: waste management, water and oxygen-producing attributes of the
natural environment/ecosysten beneficial to human society, but which are not
traditionally valued in terms of a market price.
Food and nutrition security: the position where all people, at all times, have physical, social
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary
needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Governance: the combination of processes and structures implemented by an administrative
body in order to inform, direct, manage and monitor activities toward the achievement
of target objectives.
Mauritius Strategy: the current and only global sustainable development strategy to address
specifically and exclusively the problems Small Island Developing States (SIDS) for the
period 2005 to 2015, managed by the United Nations.
Natural resources: living (air, water, soil, and forests, etc.) and non-living (such as fuels,
minerals) resources occurring in nature used to create wealth. - vi –
New agriculture: an agri-food system that is not confined by traditional boundaries and driven
by innovation in practices, technologies and operational processes to solve problems
and capitalize on opportunities for wealth generation, human welfare and efficient
natural resource use.
Gender: the different roles and responsibilities attributed to men and women in society, not
limited to the biological definition of sex as male and female, but also how these
biological definitions are constructed in a social context, subject to historical and cultural
change.
Results-based management: a comprehensive management strategy focusing on the degree
to which a development intervention or a development partner operates according to
specific criteria/standard/guidelines or achieves results in accordance with stated goals
and plans.
Self-reliance: the capacity of individuals, households and/or organised groups/clusters to
largely support/provide for self/home/group or depend on own abilities and resources
rather than fully depending on those of others.
Small farmer: a farmer who operates on 1 acre or less of land with the objective of providing
for own/family consumption and/or profit.
Stakeholders: a person, group or organization that affects, or can be affected, by policy
decisions and planned actions/interventions. In certain contexts, can be appropriately
interchangeable with beneficiaries.
Subsistence producers: farmers whose farming system enables production of just enough to
sustain him/herself and his/her family.
Sustainable development: a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while
preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present,
but also for generations to come.
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
AND STRATEGIES
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS AND
STRATEGIES
• Promoting standards &
good practices for high
yields & safe products
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS AND
STRATEGIES
• Involving stakeholders in
the design and
implementation of
activities & projects
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS AND
STRATEGIES
• Responding to the need for
food self-reliance & youth
involvement in agriculture
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS AND
STRATEGIES
• Managing scare water &
land resources & mitigating
risks to farming
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS AND
STRATEGIES
• Strengthening capacities for
production, marketing and
profitable business
DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND STRATEGIES
 Promoting standards & good practices for high yields & safe products
 Involving stakeholders in the design and implementation of activities &
projects
 Responding to the need for food selfreliance & youth involvement in
agriculture
 Managing scare water & land resources & mitigating risks to farming
 Strengthening capacities for production, marketing and profitable
business
WHY AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT?
WHY AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT?
• Three-quarters of the world’s poorest people get their food and
income from farming small plots of land—typically the size of a
football field or smaller—and most of them labor under difficult
conditions. They grow a diversity of local crops and must deal with
unique diseases, pests, and drought, as well as unproductive soil.
• Their livestock frequently weak or sick, resulting in reduced
production of eggs and milk to eat or sell. Reliable markets for their
products and good information about pricing are hard to come by.
The need to improve agricultural productivity
is clear, WHY?
• Severe hunger and poverty affects nearly 1 billion people around the
world.
The need to improve agricultural productivity
is clear, WHY?
• Severe hunger and poverty affects nearly 1 billion people around the
world.
• By 2050, it’s estimated that the earth’s population will reach 9 billion.
Global food production will need to jump by 70 percent to 100
percent to feed these people. Rising incomes, increasingly scarce
resources, and a changing climate are putting additional strains on
agricultural productivity.
The need to improve agricultural productivity
is clear, WHY?
• Severe hunger and poverty affects nearly 1 billion people around the
world.
• By 2050, it’s estimated that the earth’s population will reach 9 billion.
Global food production will need to jump by 70 percent to 100
percent to feed these people. Rising incomes, increasingly scarce
resources, and a changing climate are putting additional strains on
agricultural productivity.
• Two billion people in the developing world are malnourished.
Malnutrition continues to be the world’s most serious health problem
and the single biggest contributor to child mortality.
The power of investing in agriculture is clear:
• Agricultural development is two to four times more effective at
reducing hunger and poverty than any other sector. Helping farm
families grow more is the smartest way to fight hunger and poverty. It
is essential to addressing the need to feed a growing population and
improving their nutrition. When farmers can grow more food and
earn more income, they can achieve self-sufficiency and live better
lives. Improvements in agricultural productivity create social and
economic ripple effects. With increased incomes, small farmers can
better feed their families, send their children to school, provide for
their health, and invest in their farms. This makes their communities
economically stronger and more stable.
ORGANIZATION FOR AGRICULTURE
FUNCTIONS
ORGANIZATION FOR AGRICULTURE
FUNCTIONS
• The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized agency
of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
It was founded in 1945. It played the leading role in the global food
and agriculture issue areas, overseeing the establishment of
important agreements and institutions, including the World Food
Programme (WFP). The functions of FAO include efforts to improve
agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition
and food security.
The Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
• The objective is to achieve food security for all and make sure that
people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active,
healthy lives
The Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
• The functions of FAO are:
• To Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
The Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
• The functions of FAO are:
• To Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
• To Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and
sustainable
The Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
• The functions of FAO are:
• To Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
• To Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and
sustainable
• Reduce rural poverty
The Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
• The functions of FAO are:
• To Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
• To Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and
sustainable
• Reduce rural poverty
• Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems
The Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
• The functions of FAO are:
• To Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
• To Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and
sustainable
• Reduce rural poverty
• Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems
• Increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises
FAO partnerships in the Philippines
• Department of Agriculture (DA)
• Department
of Agriculture and Fisheries in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Min
danao (DAF-ARMM)
• Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
• Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
• Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
• Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
• Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
FAO partnerships in the Philippines
• Office of the Presidential Assistant for Food Security and Agricultural
Modernization (OPAFSAM)
• Office
of the Presidential Assistant for Rehabilitation and Recovery (OPARR)
• Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP)
• National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP)
• National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
• Local Government Units
FAO partnerships in the Philippines
• Local Government Units
• Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA)
• Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
• Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)
• Forest Management Bureau (FMB)
• Bangsamoro Development Agency (BDA)
• Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS)
• Philippine Rice Research Institute
• International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
• Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
• DOST PAGASA- Climate Prediction Section
• DOST Food and Nutrition Research Institute