Tensile Strength of Steel Bar

Tensile Strength of
Steel Bar
 Ultimate strength- maximum strength that a material can withstand before being
stretched or pulled before breaking
 Yield Strength- maximum stress that can be applied before it begins to change shape
permanently
 Yield Point- the point on stress-strain curve where deformation of strained materials
transits from purely elastic to elasto-plastic one
 Elongation-A mechanical property of metal that is the degree to which a material may
be bent, stretched, or compressed before it ruptures. It is a point between tensile
strength and yield strength and is expressed as a percentage of the original length.
 Character of Fracture- the separation of a material into two or more pieces under the
action of an applied stress
 Reduction of Area-defined as the decrease in the cross sectional area divided by the
original cross sectional area.
Discussion:
 Most commercial specification for metal has requirements for physical
properties as determined by the tensile-strength test. The properties include
ultimate strength, yield strength or yield point, elongation, character of
fracture, and reduction of area. In order to obtain complete information
concerning tensile properties of metal, a stresses-strain curve should be
determined experimentally. Strain corresponding to definite stresses
imposed upon the specimen is measured by means of extensometer. For
metal having no well-defined yield point, the yield strength is ordinarily
determined, as explained previously. Ductile carbon steel has well-defined
yield point.
The tension test of steel is quite illustrative for some mechanical
properties. If force deformation diagram are drawn, it is very easy to
have an idea about the ductility or brittleness of the material. A ductile
material is one in which large deformation is produced before the
specimen fractures. Whereas a brittle material is one in which
comparatively small deformation occurs before fracture. Besides, if the
gage length and the original cross-sectional area are known, strain and
stresses can be calculated from the force-deformation diagrams. The
yield stress, at which large plastic deformation begin with small increase
in stress, is an important characteristic of the concrete reinforcing steel.
Another important in stress, is the ultimate stress, i,e., the maximum
stress that can be carried by the material without any failure.
While plain bars have circular cross-sections, so a nominal diameter
is defined. Nominal diameter of a deformed bar is the diameter of the
plain bar which has the same weight per unit length as the deformed
bar. In tension test, percent elongation and percent reduction of area
may be considered as the quantitative measures of ductility.
Temperature, rate and type of loading affect the result of tension test.
Laboratory test show that the increase in yield strength is
accompanied by an increase in tensile strength and hardness, too.
However, the increase in tensile strength is not much. On the other,
strain hardening reduces ductility.
The major difference between the plain bar and the deformed bar is the outer
surface. While the plain bars are smooth in texture, the deformed bars have lugs and
indentations on them. These indentations help the steel bar have a better grasp over
the concrete so that their union is stronger and long-lasting.
 Objective:
To determine the maximum tensile strength of the deformed bar sample
upon collecting the data from the Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
 Referenced Documents:
ASTM (A6/A6M, A36M, E8 -69)
AASHTO (T 68-74)
Apparatus:
Universal Testing Extensometer Vernier Caliper

Machine
Uses of Universal Testing Machine
 A Universal Testing Machine is used to assess the strength of materials. A universal
testing machine offers enhanced control and stability during a materials testing
process. A universal testing machine also helps ensure accuracy and repeatability.
Uses of Extensometer
 An extensometer is an apparatus to a tensile strength tester and is extensively used in
materials testing. This apparatus places a sample under stress, which causes it to
physically deform. These deformities can be almost invisible to the eye or they can be
clearly visible.
Uses of Vernier Caliper

 It is use for measuring the distance between two opposite sides of a surface. We can
measure the internal and external dimensions and even the height of an object with
accuracy.
Procedure:
 Measured the total length L and weight W of the deformed bar specimen. Mark the
gage length.
 Attach the specimen to the universal testing machine (100 ton-capacity ).
 Apply a tensile load satisfying all the requirements of the related standard.
 Obtain the force- deformation diagram (stress-strain diagram) as graphs from the
mechanical recorder of the machine. Reload the ultimate load . Continue until load
fracture of the specimen.
 Measure the gage length after fracture (Lf) by connecting the two pieces.
 Measure the final diameter dfd by vernier. Make about three mutual measurements.
7. Make Calculation
 The tensile strength, also known as the ultimate
tensile strength, the load at failure divided by
the original cross sectional area where the
ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S.), σmax = Pmax
/A0 , where Pmax = maximum load, A0 =
original cross sectional area.
D. Modulus of Elasticity
Prepared and Presented by:
TRES TESTERS
 FERNANDO BARRIO
 KAYLA MAE JARALBA
 APRILYN MAE DATILES
 QUINN NICOLE RAMA
 JOHN CHRIS DIZON
 JESSY CHRIS SANTOS
 JHON RUSSEL V. AURELIO

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Tensile Strength of

Universal Testing Extensometer Vernier Caliper

Uses of Vernier Caliper

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