Smart Substation

• Conventionally a substation employs CBs, protection relays, VTs and

CTs which are wired collectively using copper cables.
• With advances in digital technology, communications and
standards, this is now changing to what is known as the smart
substation in which, the workstations, protection devices and low
level transducers are connected together on an optical fiber
communications backbone.
• The substation system architecture is divided into three levels;
• (i) the station level where operations, engineering functions
and reporting take place,
• (ii) the bay level where system protection and control functions are
implemented
• (iii) the process level where signals From VTs, CTs and
other transducer are transmitted
Smart substation consists of several key components and elements

(1) Protection, monitoring and control devices (IED)

Primary devices (tap-changers, protection relays, VTs, CTs, etc.) in the smart substation
are implemented as IEDS.
IED is a key component for substation integration and automation.
These devices can communication with each other and with higher level smart
substation control via the IEC 61850 optical network. It is implemented to meet
compliance necessities and save money. EDS control CBs, voltage regulators and
capacitor bank switches.

Typical applications of IEDS in smart substation includes

 DR
 power fault reporting in the event of failures
 low-voltage stabilization
 asset management
 record load curves for future planning
 integrated automatic transformer monitoring
 automatically reconfigure the network in case of a fault.
(2) Sensors
Sensors are used to collect data from power equipment at the substation yard such as CBs,
transformers and power lines. Conventional copper-wired analog apparatus are replaced by
optical apparatus with fiber-based sensors in smart substation for monitoring and metering.
Single sensor might serve different types of IEDS through a process bus
Advantages of fiber-based sensors includes
 higher accuracy,
 reduced size and weight
 higher performance
 high bandwidth
 wide dynamic range
 safe and environment friendly
 No saturation
less maintenance.
(3)Station and process bus
Exchange of signals between the bay level IED and station control, the bay level IED and
transducers, devices and system equipment are carried by station bus and process bus
respectively. This provides a better reliability for main substations as compared to a single bus.
The station and process bus systems are usually implemented using Ethernet switches (external
or built into the IED), connected together in a ring configuration.
(4) Supervisory control and data acquisition
SCADA is a system or a combination of systems that gathers data from different sensors at a
station or in other remote locations and then sends these data to a central computer system,
which then manages and controls the data and controls devices in the field remotely. Control
and data acquisition equipment comprises of a system with at least one master station, a
communications system and one or more RTUS. SCADA system has operator graphical user
interface (GUI),engineering applications that act on historian software, data and other
components.
(5)GPS time clock
The accurate time keeping is an important requirement of smart substation. This guarantee
the protection functions operate within the required times and synchronizes smart substation
in different locations so that event and operation logs can be compared and trip events
analyzed. The preferred approach to achieving this is by the use of a GPS clock to transmit
time synchronization signals to the IED, using simple network time protocol (SNTP).
(6) Electronic fiber optic CTs and VTs
A growing trend in the smart substation is the use of optical current and voltage transducers
(sometimes called non-conventional instrument transformers-NCIT). These devices operate
by measuring changes in the optical performance of fibers in the presence of electric and
magnetic fields. The transducers are able to measure both current and voltage. As the signals
are generated and transmitted using optical fiber, transducer signals are not subject to voltage
drop issues and electromagnetic interference which can affect conventional equipment.
Optical transducers also tend to be smaller, have improved linearcharacteristics and more
accurately reproduce the primary signal.
7) Master stations
A master station comprises of a computer system which is responsible for
communicating with the field equipment and includes an HMI in the control room or
elsewhere.

The major components of a master station are (i) data acquisition servers that interface
with the field devices through the communications system, (ii) real-time data servers,
(iii) application server, (iv) historical server and (v) operator workstations with an HMI.
Hardware components in a master station are connected through one or more LANS.

Different types of master stations are (i) SCADA master station, (ii) SCADA master
station with AGC, (iii) EMS, (iv) DMS and (vi) FA system.

The primary functions of SCADA master station are (i) data acquisition, (ii)
user interface, (iii) remote control, (iv) report writer and historical data analysis.

The primary functions of SCADA master station with AGC are (i) economic
dispatch,
(ii) AGC and (iii) interchange transaction scheduling.
The primary functions of EMS are (i) state estimation,(ii) optimal power flow, (iii)
contingency analysis, (iv) three phase balanced operator power flow, (v) dispatcher
training simulator and (vi)network configuration/topology processor.

The primary functions of DMS are (i) interface to consumer information system, (ii)
three phase unbalanced operator power flow, (iii) interface to outage management,(iv)
interface to automate mapping/facilities management and (v) map series graphics.

The primary functions of FA system are (i) two-way distribution communications, (ii)
load management, (iii) voltage reduction, (iv) fault identification/fault isolation/service
restoration,(v) short-term load forecasting and (vi) power factor control.
(8) Remote terminal unit

RTUS are microprocessor-based device that interfaces with a SCADA system which
provides data to the master station and enables the master station to issue controls to
the field equipment. RTUS have physical hardware inputs to interface with field
equipment and one or more communication ports. When compared to conventional
substations, RTUS are smaller and more flexible in smart substation. In smart
substations, one smaller RTU (capable of accepting higher level ac analog inputs)
with distributed architecture approach is employed for one or more substation
equipment. Additional functionalities include DFR and power quality
monitoring and advances in communications capabilities, with extra ports available
to communicate with IEDS.

(9) Merging units (MUs)

MUS collect signals from various equipment's and transducers. These signals are
then transmitted to other devices via the process bus. MU is the interface between
the traditional analogue signals and the bay controllers and protection relays.
10) Data types and data flow
Two types of data sets are there in smart substation,

(i) a operational or real-time data, which is for operating utility systems and
performing EMS software applications such as AGC

(ii)non operational data, which is for historical, real-time and file type data
used for analysis, maintenance, planning, and other utility applications.

Operational data and nonoperational data have independent data collection

mechanisms. Hence, two separate logical data paths must also exist to transfer
these data.
One logical data path connects the substation with the EMS and second data
path transfers nonoperational data from the substation to various utility
information technology systems.
The digital substation offers numerous advantages over a conventional
arrangement.

i)Better EMC performance and isolation of circuits

(ii) Improved measurement accuracy and recording of information.
(iii) Easy incorporation of modern electronic CT and VT sensors.
(iv) Interoperability between devices made by different manufacturers.
(v) Improved reliability. vi) Easier and simpler installation.
(vii) Improved commissioning and operations.
IEC 61850 Substation
Architecture
IEC 61850 is a standard for communication network and systems
in smart substation which supports interoperability among IEDS
from different manufacturers and integrated substation
automation systems(SAS) functions for data communications
using common engineering models, communication protocols and
data formats
IEC 61850 defines an abstract object model for substations and
methods to access these objects on a network and it is identified
by NIST for field device communication and general device
object data modeling.
Typical features of IEC 61850 are listed below

(1) Interoperability: Different vendors are permitted to provide complete

incorporation of monitoring, protection and control functions within one-or
two IEDS.

(2) Free configuration: Any possible number of substation protection and

control functions can be incorporated at bay level IED

(3) Simple architecture: Ethernet based communication links are employed

in place of point-to-point copper wires. Additionally, enhanced
communication performance for time critical applications is provided by
functional hierarchy architecture.

(4) Overall cost saving: Conventional communication link using copper wiring
is replaced by high speed digital communication at process level, which
saves cost for SAS and lot of effort..
Substation operation is divided into three distinct levels in the IEC 61850
standard,

(1) Process level: The process level consists of devices such as CBs and data
acquisition equipment employed to measure the voltage, current and other
parameters in various parts of substation.
(2) Bay level: The bay level consists of IEDS that gather the
measurements provided by process level. The IEDS can transmit the data to
other IEDS, make local control decisions or send the data for further
monitoring and processing to the substation SCADA system
(3) Station level: The station level comprises of HMIS and SCADA
servers, as well as the human operators who monitor the substation and
station bus. The process bus handles the communication between the
process level and the bay level and the station bus handles communication
between the bay level and station level.
Transmission protocol of IEC 61850 substation architecture
The real communication between IEDS is handled via common
1EC61850 protocols such as sampled measured values (SMV),
manufacturing message specification (MMS) and generic object oriented
substation event(GOOSE).

(1) MMS: Information regarding substation status used for monitoring

is sent using the MMS protocol.
(2) GOOSE: Critical data such as warmings and control
signals are sent using the GOOSE protocol.
(3) SMV: Power line voltage and current measurements are sent
using the SMV protocol.
IEC Substation Model
Data from electronic/optical current and voltage sensors and status information will be
collected and digitized by the MUS at the process layer. MUS must be physically situated
either in the control house or in the field. Through redundant 10OMB fiber optic Ethernet
connections data from the MUS will be collected. Redundant Ethernet switches with 1GB
uplinks and 1GBinternal data buses that support Ethernet virtual LAN (VLAN) and Ethernet
priority will be the collection points. VLAN permits the Ethernet switch to deliver datasets
only to those IEDS/switch ports that have subscribed to the data. For process bus
implementations, manufacturers must provide the ability to incorporate data from the newer
optical/electronic sensors with the data from existing CTs and VTs. In this architecture, upon
detection of failure of Clock 1, Clock 2 will have to automatically come on line and continue
providing sampling synchronization. At substation level a station bus exists. Again, this bus
is 10MB Ethernet with a clear migration path to 100MB Ethernet. The primary
communications between the various LNs will provided by the station bus, which provide the
various station monitoring, control, protection and logging functions. Communications will
function on either a connection-less basis (GOOSE) or a connection oriented basis (e.g.
request of configuration, information, etc.)
Since application of IED to IED data transmission puts the communication system
on the critical path in case of a failure, redundant communication architecture is
recommended. Finally, this architecture supports remote network access for all
types of data reads and writes. Since all communication is network enabled,
numerous remote "clients" will try to access the broad information available.
Typical clients would include local HMI, planning, engineering, operations and
maintenance. The remote access point is one logical location to implement security
functions such as authentication and encryption. These realizations relieves the
individual IEDS from performing encryption on internal data transfers but still
provide security on all external transactions.
IEC 61850 substation
architecture is shown in Fig
 conceptual SAS based on the IEC 61850 standard is shown in Fig. In the
conceptual scheme, the station level equipment comprises of the operator's
workplace, station computer with a database, interfaces for remote communication,
etc. Bay level equipment comprises of monitoring, control and protection units per
bay. Process level equipment comprises of conventional and electronic CTs and
VTs, transducers, CBs and MUS. The station level equipment's communicate with
bay level equipment through station bus. Further, bay level equipment
communicate with process level equipment's through process bus. Station bus and
process bus are generally realized using LAN. HMI enables the operator to monitor
and operate the switching elements in the substation through GUI at substation
level. The engineering station provides computer aided control decision, which can
be implemented at primary equipment level through local HMI. MU acts like a
switch and provides the appropriate path to messages. Eventually, the function will
be performed by the process level devices.
The major focus of IEC-61850 standard is to support
the substation functions through the communication of
(1) Sampled values for CTs and VTs.
(2) I/O data for control and protection.
(3) Trip and control signals.
(4) Configuration and engineering data.
(5) Supervision and monitoring signals.
(6) Data to control-center.
(7) Time-synchronization signals, etc.
The advantages of implementing the IEC 61850 standard are

(1) Simplified architecture: In a modern substation, localized intelligence is used by

thousands of IEDS to handle many of the decision making necessary at the
local site and via Ethernet switch they communicate with other devices, which
themselves are connected to the substation's Ethernet network.
(2) Greater reliability: The IEC 61850 standard places enormous importance on
reliability by design.
(3) Future proof design: When the requirement arises, it is simple to expand an
Ethernet network. Additionally, any new products that connect to an existing IEC
61850 substations are needed to be completely compatible with what's there
already.
(4) Vendor independence: IEC 61850 products developed by different companies
are all compulsory to speak the same language provides substation system
integrators a huge advantage, since they can pick and choose the best products
from different vendors.
Substation Automation (SA)
Substation is a focal point of electricity generation, transmission and
distribution, where voltages is transformed from low to high or reverse using
transformers.
There are different types of substations, such as transmission substations,
distribution substation, collector substations and switching substations

The general functions of a substation are

(i) Voltage transformation,
(ii) monitoring point for control center,
(iii) switch yard for electrical transmission and/or distribution
configuration,
system
(iv) communication with other substation and other regional control center
(v) monitoring point for control center

Substations and feeders are source of critical real-time data for efficient and
safe operation of utility network. Real time data's are time critical and are
used to protect the of power system field equipment's.
Various Substation Automation
Architectures
In cascade architecture each switch is connected to the next switch or previous switch via one of
its ports. The simple cascading architecture is cost effective as this structure permits for shorter
wiring instead of bringing all connections to a central point. But, connections to all down-
stream IEDS will be lost if one of the cascáde connections is lost

Fig. 5.15 shows a typical simple cascading architecture of a

substation
Fig. shows a typical redundant cascading architecture of a substation. When compared to simple
cascading architecture this architecture provides a higher level of availability.
Typical ring architecture of a substation is shown in Fig. It identical to the
simple cascading architecture except that the loop is close If any of the ring
connections fail, the closed loop structure provides evel of redundancy.
This type of architecture is also cost effective and itoffer redundancy in the
form of immunity to physical breaks in the network.
Fig. shows a typical star architecture of a substation. This type of
arrangement offers the least amount of delay. The star architecture has the
lowest delay time when compared to the other architectures. Though, this
category of configuration has no redundancy. All switches are isolated if the
backbone switch fails.
Fig. shows typical hybrid architecture, which is a combination of ring and star
architectures. This architecture provides a high level of availability and is immune to
numerous types of faults.
Functional Architecture
The information from transducers/sensors in the substation is extracted by
process level function and it is send to upper level device, called bay level
device. Other main assignment of process level function is to receive the
control command from bay level device and perform it at the proper switch
level. Bay level functions obtain the data from bay and then mostly act on the
primary equipment of the bay.
Fig. shows different conceptual subparts of a substation (encircled by dotted
line); these subparts are called bays and designated by Bayl to Bay7.
For example, a transformer with its related switchgear between the two bus
bars representing the two voltage levels forms one bay, designated by Bay3.
The CT and VT are an integral part ofBay3 for monitoring, control and
protection of the transformer. The actuator ,CT and VT are connected to control
and protection unit via MU. MU is a device used to gather the instantaneous
values of current and voltage from CT and VT, sample it and send to the control
and protection unit. Control land protection units are bay level devices. Bay
level devices collect data from the different bays and/or same bay from and
perform actions on the primary equipment in its own bay. At the bay level, the
IED must provide all bay level functions regarding control, monitoring and
protection, inputsBay1
 Feeder Automation (FA)
• FA is the ability to monitor and control the distribution
network remotely, to collect and provide information to
consumers in a useful manner.
• Feeder automation includes data acquisition and supervisory
control of line equipment, reclosers, regulators, capacitors,
sectionlizers and switches. Remote monitoring of the status of
fault indicators and analyzers can also be included.
• Feeder Automation minimizes feeder down time by quickly
and automatically restoring operation to serviceable feeder
sections, while isolating those requiring repair.
• This results in minimal outage time, fewer service calls, and
reduced monitoring and management demands.
 Duties of FA
1) Fault Isolation and Sectionalizing:
Remote monitoring of the recloser operation to the melting of a
fuse link, utilities can detect the fault very fast and can take
quick action to clear that fault.
By correlating the last voltage or current measured before an
outage, an indication of the nature of the fault and fault
location can be obtained.
2) Remote Interconnect Switching:
DA systems can be deployed to drive remotely interconnected
switches that separate different portion of the utility
distribution feeders and to restore power.
 Duties of FA (contd..)
3) Capacitor Bank Switching:
to install a number of one-way receivers at the capacitor
locations for positive control and to monitor the aggregate
effects of the capacitor switching at the substation low voltage
level bus. Utilities with capacitor bank switching facilities
can operate with reduced losses and as a result with higher
efficiency.
4) Voltage Monitoring:
By monitoring the feeder voltage remotely utility personal
gets advance notification about the line voltage drop due to
high usage. Also recorded data of feeder voltages will give
snapshot of the actual usage patterns.
 Main Components of FA
1) Remote fault indicators
• Remote fault indicators are sensors that detect current and
voltage levels on feeders outside usual operating boundaries.

• Operators can utilize this information to determine the location of a

fault rapidly or distinguish between temporary high loads and a fault,
such as high motor starting current.
• Visual displays are equipped with fault indicators to assist field
crews and connected to communications networks that are
incorporated with SCADA or distribution management system
(DMS)for providing greater accuracy in locating and identifying
faults.
2) Smart relays
• smart relays apply sophisticated software to accurately detect,
isolate and diagnose the cause of faults.
• They may be installed on devices in automated switching schemes
or in utility substations for feeder protection,
• Device controls are activated according to algorithms and
equipment settings. (The relays also store and process data to send
back to grid operators and back office systems for further analysis
• Advances in relay and sensor technologies have enhanced the
detection of high impedance faults difficult to detect with
conventional relays, that occur when energized power lines contact
a foreign object, but such contact only produces a low-fault current.
3) Automated feeder switches and recloses
• Automated feeder switches open and close to isolate faults and
reconfigure faulted segments of the distribution feeder to restore
power to consumers on line segments without a fault) They are
normally configured to work with smart relays to operate in response
to signals from utilities, distribution management systems or control
commands from autonomous control packages. Switches can be also
configured to open and close at programmed sequences and intervals
when fault currents are detected. This action, known as reclosing, is
used to stop power flow to a feeder that has been impacted by a
hindrance and re-energize after the obstruction has cleared itself from
the line. Reclosing reduces the probability of continuous outages
when trees and other objects temporarily contact power lines during
high wind sand storms.
(4) Automated capacitors
Utilities employ capacitors for reactive power compensation
requirements caused by inductive loads from overhead lines, consume
equipment or transformers. Reactive power compensation reduces the
total amount of power that need to be provided by power plants,
resulting in a flatter voltage profile along the feeder and less energy
wasted from electrical losses in the feeder.
A distribution capacitor bank consists of a group of capacitors
connected together. The capacity of the banks installed on distribution
feeders depends on the number of capacitors, and usually ranges from
300 to 1,800 kilovolt-ampere reactive (KVAR), Capacitor banks are
mounted on substation structures, distribution poles or "pad-mounted"
in enclosures.
(5) Automated voltage regulators and LTCS
Transformers that make small adjustments to voltage levels in
response to changes in load are termed as voltage regulators. They are
installed along distribution feeders and in substations to regulate down
stream voltage. Multiple "raise" and "lower" positions are available
with voltage regulators and can automatically adjust according to
loads ,feeder configurations and device settings.
6) Automated feeder monitors
Feeder monitors measure load on distribution lines and equipment and can trigger
alarms when equipment or line loadings reach potentially damaging levels.
Monitors deliver data-in near-real time to office systems and analysis tools so that
grid operators can successfully assess loading trends and take corrective switching
actions, such as repairing equipment when necessary, transferring load or taking
equipment offline. These field devices are employed in coordination with
information and control systems to avoid outages from occurring due to overload
conditions or equipment failure.
(7) Transformer monitors
Transformer monitors are equipment health sensors for measuring parameters,
such as insulation oil temperatures of power transformer, which can reveal
possibilities for abnormal operating conditions and premature failures. To measure
various parameters of different types of devices these devices can be configured.
Usually, these devices are applied on substation transformers and other equipment
whose breakdown would result in considerable cost and reliability impacts for
utilities and consumers.
Performance of FA technology in four main areas are
(1) Reliability and outage management
FA technologies provided highly developed ability for operators to locate, detect
and diagnose faults. In particular (fault location, isolation and service restoration
(FLISR) technologies can automate power restoration within seconds by isolating
faults automatically and switching a few consumers to adjacent feeders) FLISR can
decrease the number of affected consumers and consumer minutes of disruption by
half during a feeder outage for certain feeders. Fully automated validation and
switching normally improves reliability than operator initiated switching with
manual validation. Accurate fault location allows the operators to send repair crews
precisely and inform consumers on outage status, which in turn reduces repair costs
and outage length, reduces the load on consumers to report outages and guarantees
satisfaction of consumer.
(2) Voltage and reactive power management
Automated power factor correction and voltage regulation enables utilities to reduce
peak demands; more efficiently utilize existing assets ,improve power quality and
defer capital investments for the growing digital economy.)Utilities use CVR to
reduce energy consumption ,reduce feeder voltage levels and improve the
distribution system efficiency particularly during peak demand times. Automated
power factor correction provides new ability to utilities for boosting power quality
and managing reactive power flows.
3) Equipment health monitoring
Installing sensors on main components (e.g., transformer banks and power
lines) to assess equipment health parameters can provide real-time alerts
for abnormal conditions of equipment as well as analytics that help
utilities to plan preventative equipment maintenance, repair and
replacement.

(4) Integration of DERS Grid integration of DERS needs highly developed

tools to monitor and dispatch DERS, and to address new control and power
flow issues, such as reactive power management, voltage fluctuations,
harmonic injection and low-voltage ride through. Few Smart Grid network
shave been tested distributed energy resource management
systems(DERMS) and integrated automated dispatch systems (IADS) on
small DER installments.
 Benefits of FA
1. Reduced line loss
A close coordination between the substation equipment, distribution
feeders and associated equipment is necessary to increase system
reliability.
Volt/VAR control is addressed through expert algorithms which monitors and
controls substation voltage devices in coordination with down-line voltage
devices to reduce line loss and increase line throughout.
2. Power quality
The substation RTU in conjunction with power monitoring equipment on
the feeders monitors, detects, and corrects power-related problems before they
occur, providing a greater level of customer satisfaction.
3. Deferred capital expenses
A preventive maintenance algorithm may be integrated into the
system. The resulting ability to schedule
maintenance, reduceslabour costs, optimizes equipment use and
extends equipment life.
4. Energy cost reduction
Real-time monitoring of power usage throughout the distribution
feeder provides data allowing the end user to track his energy
consumption patterns, allocate usage and assign accountability to
reduce overall costs.
5. Optimal energy use
Real-time control, as part of a fully-integrated, automated power
management system, provides the ability to perform calculations to
reduce demand charges.
6. Economic benefits
Investment related benefits came from a more effective use of the
system by operating the system closer to the physical limits. FA makes
this possible by providing better data for planning, engineering and
maintenance.
FA provides benefits in the areas of interruption and customer service
by automatically locating feeder faults, decreasing the time required to
restore service to unfaulted feeder sections, and reducing costs
associated with customer complaints.
7. Improved reliability
On the qualitative side, improved reliability adds perceived value for
customer and reduce the number of complaints. Distribution
automation features that provide interruption and customer service
related benefits include load shedding and other automatic control
functions.
In addition, data acquisition and processing and remote metering
functions reduce operating costs.
8. Compatibility
Distribution automation spans many functional and areas
product RTUs
including
communicationcomputer systems,
systems and application
metering products. No software, ,
single vendor
provides all the pieces. Therefore, in order to be able to supply a utility
with a complete and integrated system, it is important for the supplier to
have alliances and agreements with other vendors.
 Advanced Metering Infrastructure
(AMI)
• AMI is not a single technology, but rather
integration
an many technologies that provides an
of
intelligent connection between consumers and system
operators.
• AMI gives consumers the information they need to make
intelligent decisions, the ability to execute those decisions
and a variety of choices leading to substantial benefits they do
not currently enjoy.
• In addition, system operators are able to greatly improve
consumer service by refining utility operating and asset
management processes based on AMI data.
 Building Blocks of AMI

BPL- broadband over power line, PLC- Power line communication, RF- Radio frequency
Building Blocks of AMI
 Characteristics of AMI

1. Provide the basic link between the utility grid and the consumer.
2. Generation and storage options distributed at consumer site can
be monitored and controlled via AMI technologies
3. Markets are enabled by connecting the utility grid and the
consumer through AMI
4. Smart meters are employed with power quality monitoring abilities
5. Remote connection and disconnection of individual supply
6. Automatically send the consumption data to utility at pre-defined intervals
7. Helps in self healing by detecting and locating failures
8. Improve asset management and operations
9. Accelerate the deployment of advanced distributed operations equipment
and applications
 Benefits of AMI
CONSUMER BENEFITS
- more choices about price and service,
- Less intrusion and more information with which to manage consumption, cost
and other decisions.
- higher reliability, better power quality, and more prompt, more accurate
billing .
- In addition, AMI will help keep down utility costs, and therefore electricity
prices.
UTILITY BENEFITS
Utility benefits fall into two major categories, billing and operations.
Billing - AMI helps the utility avoid estimated readings, provide accurate and
timely bills, operate more efficiently and reliably, and offer significantly
better consumer service.
- AMI eliminates overhead expenses of manual meter reading.
- Consumer concerns about meter readers on their premises are eliminated.
 Benefits of AMI (contd..)
Operation:
• With AMI the utility knows immediately when and where an outage occurs so
it can dispatch repair crews in a more timely and efficient way.
• Using AMI, the utility can receive significant benefits from being able to manage
customer accounts more promptly and efficiently, starting with the ability to
remotely connect and disconnect service .
• Maintenance and customer service issues can be resolved more quickly
and cost-effectively through the use of remote diagnostics.
• AMI enables new programs and methods for creating and recovering
revenue such as distributed generation and prepayment programs.
• AMI also provides vast amounts of energy usage and grid status information that
can be used by consumers and utilities to make better decisions.
 Benefits of AMI (contd..)
SOCIETAL BENEFITS

• Improved efficiency in energy delivery and use, producing a

Favorable environmental impact.
• It can accelerate the use of distributed generation, which
can in turn encourage the use of green energy sources.
• It is likely that emissions trading will be enabled by AMI’S
detailed measurement and recording capabilities.
• A major benefit of AMI is its facilitation of
demand response andinnovative energy tariffs.
 Challenges of AMI
• High capital costs
• Standardization
• Integration

• High capital cost : Expenditures on all hardware and software components,

including meters, network infrastructure and network management software,
along with cost associated with the installation and maintenance.

• Standards: standards are needed to ensure interoperability among the AMI

Based grid system.

• Integration: AMI is a complex system of technologies, that must integrate

all the information and management systems like SCADA, DMS etc.
Intelligent electronic devices
 INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICES
 IEDs are microprocessor based device with ability to exchange data and
control signals with another device over communication link.
 IEDs can be regarded as the eyes and ears of any remote power
management systems
 IEDs are installed to improving monitoring ,control, protection and data
acquisition capabilities of the power system
 It capable to record various types of data
 IEDs receive data from power equipment and sensors and can issue
control commands, such as tripping CBs, if they sense any abnormality
in current, voltage or frequency or lower/raise voltage levels in order
to maintain the desired level
Digital protective relays (DPR) are primarily IEDs, using a
microprocessor to perform several monitoring, control and protective
functions
A usual IED can contain around 5-8 control functions controlling
separate devices, an auto-reclose function, 5-12 protection functions,
communication functions, self monitoring function.
 Common types of IEDs consist of
•CB controllers
•Capacitor bank switches
•Voltage regulators
•Protective relaying devices
•LTC controllers
 Functional architecture of IED
Satellite time
Control synchronization

Metering

Intelligent electronic HMI

Motoring devices

Protection

Office/home
Substation server Modern communication
 Three types of IDEs have been considered :-
1. Circuit breaker monitor(CBM)
2. Digital fault recorder(DFR)
3. Dgital protective relays(DPR)
 These devices can measure internal CB control signals, relay trip
signal, phase currents and voltages, internal logic operands and
oscilography data.
 The CBM is designed to monitor condition of CBs and control
circuit signals during opening and closing process.
 The DPR is designed to monitor transmission line when a fault is
detected and operating conditions on trip CBs.
 The DPR responds to sudden change in current, voltage,
impedance, frequency and power flow and it will trip substation
CBs for faults up to a certain distance away from the
substation.
 The DFR is a device which is primarily designed to capture and
store short duration transient events, trends of input quantities such
as power harmonics, frequency, RMS and power factor and longer-
term disturbances
 After being triggered by a pre-set trigger value, the device records large
amount of data. Automated analysis application can be developed for
each type of devices.
 Data recorded by each device is converted to a standard
format using the application and reports are generated per each IED
type
 Those reports are small in size and can be sent easily out of
substation through communication infrastructure (in case of multiple
events)
 All extracted data and information are available instantly after
event occurrence
1. Circuit Breakers Monitor Analysis
(CIMA)
• CIMA carries out analysis of waveform taken from the CB control
circuit using a CBM and produces an event report and suggests
repair actions
• The solution is executed using an expert system for making
decision and advanced wavelet transforms for extracting waveform
feature
• It facilitate maintenance crews, operators and protection engineers
to consistently and quickly estimate CB performance, recognize
performance shortages andoutline probable causes for formal
functioning
 Circuit breaker monitor analysis architecture

Signal Expert
DFR Processing
recording unit System report

module

SP settings ES settings Rules

2. Digital Protective Relay Analysis
(DPRA)
• DPRA is an expert system which automates diagnosis and
validation of relay operation .
• Different relay reports and files are taken as inputs and it generates
reports by analysing taken inputs using embedded expert system .
• Diagnosis and validation of relay operation is based on comparison
of expected and actual relay behaviour in terms of the status and
timing of logic
 Digital Protective Relay Analysis architecture
Performance
information

Setting file Hypothesis of

Relay operation relay
Logic ES module behaviour
Performance
specifications

COMTRADE
file Validation and
Facts of Analysis
relay diagnosis of ES
Event record report
behaviour module
report
3. Digital fault recorder
assistant(DPRA)
– DFRA carry out automated analysis and DFR event records data
integration
– It converts various DFR native file formats to COMTRADE
– Additionally , DFRA carry out signal processing to find out pre- and
post- fault analog values, statuses of the digital channels, faulted
phases and fault type
– It also checks and evaluates fault location, system protection, etc
 Digital fault recorder analysis architecture

Signal Expert Result

analysis processing Centralised
system database

Waveform User
s & interface
reports
DFR file DFR Broadcast
conversion Comm. services

Reports
Client Server
NOTES ON DPRA AND
DERA
 DPRA and DERA can carry out thorough disturbance event analysis
though, DERA cannot carry out complete analysis on operation of
protective relays, since the internal states of a protective relay cannot be
recorded using DFR device.
 In contrast, DPRA can diagnose and validate the relay operations totally,
but disturbance information might not be complete, because DPR collects
data from single transmission line only
 DERA cannot execute the CB tripping operation analysis because CB
control circuit signals are not monitored by DFR device, but CBMA
provide this information in detail.
 Data incorporation across the whole substation is necessary to accomplish
full IED data utilization. To realize full eventexplanation the results of
various analyses have to be merged.
 The whole idea is to collect and incorporate data automatically from all
substation IEDs , examine it and extract information needed for different type
of users such as system operators, protection engineers, maintenance staff,
etc
 Data can be examined at the substation level and conclusion can be sent to the
maintenance and protection group directly.
 Another approach is to access data then extract and send it to the control
centre
, where the information is merged with data from SCADA, processed by
centralized applications and the results prepared for various user
groups.
 By combining CBMA, DPRA and DFRA comprehensive reports are
generated
Information for System Operators
 Responsibility of decision making on system operation and restoration are
with system operators.
 When an event occur in the system, they are interested to know that the
fault is permanent or not, location of the fault and whether CB and relays
operated correctly.
 IED devices collect more data than RTUs, hence, the extra data can be
used to verify and complementwith the SCADA reading. Normally right
conclusion are only be made by using IED data.
 To improve the accuracy of the analysis data obtained from SCADA
through RTUs can be combined with data obtained from IEDs this will
provide better results to the operator
Information for Protection Engineers
 Responsibility on the final assessment on rightness of any system response to a
given fault condition is with protection engineers.
They have to check operation of each device using the information gathered by
IED and in case of misoperation they need to find out the cause for device
misoperation or failure.
 Generally, they are involved in DPR operation during the event.
 Major information needed for protection engineers, are name of substation fault
type, duration and range, affected circuit, triggered time and date event
outcome and devices operation with major focus on relay operation . If the
fault was removed within the specified time and all devices operate properly,
there is no need for any supplementary data and second level of report that
have further information will not be generated.
 Second level of the report explains displays signal waveforms and internal
logic operation of relay
It lists series of the relay signals status and recommends remedial
actions
Information for Maintenance Staff
 Maintenance staff's are responsible for system repair and
restoration.
 Responsibility for monitoring CB operation is also with this
group.
 Report will be generated for maintenance staff which consisting of
information about signal affected by tripping operation , pre-, during and
post – fault analog signals values , waveforms display and suggestion
for remedial actions
Phasor measurement units
 Phasor Measurement Unit
 PMU is a device which measures the electrical waves on
a utility grid by employing a general time sources for
synchronization.
 The PMUs consist of branch current phasors and bus
voltage phasors, as well as locations information and other
network parameters.
 Time synchronization permits synchronized instantaneous
measurements of various remote measurement points on
utility grid.
 The resulting measurement is known as a synchrophasor.
 PMU is the metering device whereas a synchrophasor is the
Basic components of a phasor measurement unit
GPS
receiver

Phasor locked Modern

oscillator

Anti-aliasing 16-bit Phasor

filter A/D Micro-
converter processor
• PMU can measure 50Hz Ac waveforms usually at a rate of
48 samples per cycles.
• The current and voltage signals are converted to voltages
with appropriate instrument transformers or shunts, so that
they matched with the requirements of the ADCs.
• By using an ADC for each phase the analog AC waveforms
are then digitized.
• A phase-locked oscillator along with a GPS provides the
required high-speed synchronized sampling with 1
microsecond precision.
HIERARCHY OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM
Super data
concentrator

Data Data
concentrator concentrator
Application

PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMUs locted

In
substation
Data storage
 Though, PMUs might receive in multiple time sources
including non-GPS references which is calibrated and
working synchronously.
 The resultant time-stamped phasors can be transmitted to a
local or remote receiver at rates up to 120 samples per
second.
 Phasor measurements are taken with high accuracy
from various points of the power system at the same
instant, permitting the operator to visualize the precise
angular difference between various locations.
 Microprocessor based instrumentation such as disturbance
fault recorders (DFRs) and protection relays integrate the
 When incorporated with Smart Grid communications technologies,
the taken measurements will provide dynamic visibility into the
power system.
 Implementation of Smart Grid with real time measurement will
improve every aspect of the power delivery system including
generation , transmission, distribution and consumption.
 It will provide dynamic visibility into the power system.
 It will increase the potential of DGs integration, bringing generation
closer to the pocket loads.
 Additionally utility monitoring systems include electronic
instrument transformers, dynamic line rating technology, cables,
insulation contamination leakage current and monitors for CB and
current frequency
.
• By employing phasor data concentrators (PDCs) technologies,
the phasor data is collected either at centralized locations or
on- site.
• These ISO’s will monitor phasor data from individual PMU’s
from as many as 150 PMU’s, this monitoring provides an exact
means of establishing controls for power flow from multiple
energy generation sources.
• The data is then transmitted to a regional monitoring
system which is maintained by the local ISO.
Conceptual diagram of a synchronized phasor measuring system
WIDE AREA MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS(WAMS)
 WIDE AREA MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS (WAMS)
 WAMS is one of the most important components in smart grid.
 In comparison to the present SCADA system, measurement of the system states
are carried out at a comparatively higher rate(5-60 samples per second versus
one per 2-6 s).
 All systems phasors are developed continuously and simultaneously, rendering
real time information of power system parameters
• Thus, WAMS can improve the performance of utility grids significant by stability
assessment, fault detection, remedial control action and supporting more
accurate state estimation.
• Components of WAMS: PDCs for aggregating and relaying measured data.
Whereas PMUs are employed widely in WAMS , the currently available
dual use line relays(DULRs) introduce variability to modern WAMS
construction.
Components of WAMS
• DULRs are the protection digital relays for transformers and
transmission line while providing system protecting it an report
synchrophasor data.
• DULR is also called “branch PMU”, since it is installed at transformers and
along transmission lines.
• Even though DULR can only monitor the current phasor of the branch
and the voltage phasor of its adjacent bus, it is promising due to its low
construction cost.
• PMU and DULR interface WAMS with the power system and they consist
of CTs, VTs, synchronous GPS clock and instrumentation cables.
• Data measured by these devices are transmitted to one or more multiple
layers of PDCs located at selected location in the system, where the data
are aggregated, compressed and stored in to a time stamped measurement
stream.
• The data stream is then fed in to application software at the central
controller for system state monitoring and control decision generation with
Introduction to Smart
Meters
 Introduction to Smart Meters
 Smart meter is an electricity or gas meter that has metering as well as
communication abilities.
 It measures energy consumption data and permits it to read remotely
and displayed on a device within the home.
 The meter can also receive information remotely, example,
switch from credit to prepayment mode or to update tariff information
 It has two key functions to perform
i. For providing data or energy usage to consumers to help control
over consumption and cost
ii. For sending data to the utility for peak load requirements, load
factor control, and to develop pricing strategies on the basis of
consumption information.
 Key features of smart meters are
1. Automated data reading
2. Two communication between utilities and consumers
 Smart meters are developed to measure electricity, gas and water
consumption datas.
 Additional features of smart meters tariff options, tax credits, DR rates,
smart thermostats, prepaid metering, switching, enhanced grid
monitoring, remote connect/disconnect of users, appliance control and
monitoring and participation in voluntary rewards, programs for reduced
consumptions
 Smart meter outputs can be used for voltage stability and security
assessments
Fig: Smart meter