Introduction to Computer

Secondary 2

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 Computer
• Have you ever seen a computer?
• What is a computer?
• What makes a computer different from other
machines?

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 What is a computer?
• A computer is a device.
• It can manipulate
information, or data.
• It has the ability to store,
retrieve and process data.

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 Types of Machines
• Depends on mechanism how they process information,
computers can be mechanical or electronic.

Mechanical Computer Electronic Computer

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 Types of Devices
• Computers can be analog, digital or hybrid depending on
how they store and process data.

Analog Computer Digital Computer

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Hybrid Computer

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 Who invented first electronic digital
computer?
• John Vincent
Atanasoff invented the
first electronic digital
computer with the
help of Clifford Berry.
• The computer was
named Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC).
• But that computer is Atanasoff & ABC
not programmable.

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First Programmable Electronic Digital
Computer
• ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer) is the first
programmable, electronic,
general-purpose digital
computer.
• It was designed by John
Mauchy and J.Presper
Eckert in 1945.
ENIAC & programmers

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 Types of Computers
1. Supercomputer
2. Mainframe Computer
3. Minicomputer
4. Workstation
5. Microcomputer
6. Handheld & Smart Devices

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 Supercomputer
• Supercomputers are giant
computers with the size of a room.
• Some might even big as a building.
• They are very fast and can perform
large amount of calculations per
second.
• They are used in weather
forecasting, engineering and
scientific researches.
• Nowadays, AIs use supercomputers.
World’s fastest supercomputer • Approximately, performance of a
Frontier
supercomputer is equal to 60,000 of
power of personal computers.

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 Mainframe Computer
• Mainframes or Big Irons are high-
performance computers with large
amount of memory and processors.
• They are used as databases and
servers in banking, finances,
governments, large enterprises and
universities.
• They can perform large scale
calculations, support thousands of
users, manage extremely large
amount of information concurrently. IBM Z – Most popular mainframe
• It can say that a mainframe
computer has the power of 400
personal computers.

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 Fun Facts
• Google has over 1 million servers across
various data centers around the world.
• Facebook uses more than 100,000 servers in
2023.
• Apple has 8 servers on its own and uses other
server providing services like Amazon Web
Services or Google Cloud.

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 Minicomputer
• A minicomputer or midrange computer is
a computer which has all the features of
a large size computer, but smaller in size,
less expensive.
• But it is still larger than a personal
computer and more expensive.
• They can also do scientific calculation,
data processing and business
applications.
• They are used in education,
entertainment, gaming, business-
transaction processing, database
management, etc.
• It can be said that a minicomputer has a
IBM Power10 power of 10 personal computers.

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 Workstation
• A workstation is a high-performance
computer system designed for a
single professional user.
• They are used by scientists, artists
and architects.
• They can do 3D modeling, 3D
rendering, visual effects, video
editing, scientific calculations and
financial services. Dell Precision Workstation
• We can say that a workstation is
roughly equivalent to 5 personal
computers in terms of computing
capacity.

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 Microcomputer
• A microcomputer is a small scale, cheap
computers designed for the use of one
person at a time.
• It uses smaller central processing unit
(CPU) on a single chip called
microprocessor.
• It is also called personal computer (PC).
• Microcomputers are used for data and
word processing, spreadsheets,
presentations, graphics,
communications, management systems,
MacBook Air
education and entertainment.
• They include desktop computers and
laptop computers.

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 Desktop Computer
• Desktops are designed
for typical office and
personal users.
• Input devices such as
Screen
mouse and keyboard,
output devices such as
monitor and speaker are
connected externally.
• They are designed to
Keyboard Mouse
used on a desk.

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 Laptop
• Laptops are designed for
Screen
portability.
• Input devices such as mouse
and keyboard, output
devices such as screen and
Touchpad speaker are fitted internally.
Keyboard • They are designed to used
on lap anywhere.

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 Desktop Vs Laptop
• Only run off the main • Can run off batteries
power. and main power.
• Must be connected to • All-in-one built in.
external monitor, • Can be used anywhere.
mouse, keyboard etc. • Most of the parts are
• Can only be used in hard to upgrade.
place where it is set up.
• Most of the parts are
easy to upgrade.

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 Handheld Devices
• Handheld computer
• Tablet
• Smartphone

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 Computer System
• A set of devices
following the
instructions given is
called a computer
system.
• A computer system
has 2 main parts.
1. Hardware
2. Software
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Hardware
• Any device you can
touch physically in a
computer is
hardware.
• It may be inside the
computer or outside
the computer case.

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 Internal & External Hardware
• Any hardware inside a • Any hardware outside a
computer is called computer is called
internal hardware. external hardware.
• Microprocessor, • Mouse, keyboard,
motherboard, memory monitor and webcam
and storage are are examples of
examples of internal external hardware.
hardware.

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 Microprocessor
• There are many different types of
processors (or microprocessors).
• They are also called Central
Processing Unit (CPU).
• Processor is the brain of a
computer.
• Some general-purpose processors
are –
– Intel® Core series: i3, i5, i7 and i9
– AMD® Ryzen series: 3, 5, 7 and 9
– Apple M series and Qualcomm
Snapdragon®

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 Motherboard
• Motherboard is the printed circuit board that houses the
CPU, RAM and other components. It also serves as
connectors for other peripheral parts.

MSI Project Zero

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 Parts of a Motherboard
BIOS

AGP Slot
CMOS

PCI Slot
CPU Socket

Northbridge

Southbridge
RAM Slots
SATA
IDE Power

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 Random Access Memory (RAM)
• RAM is the short-term
memory that computer
uses to store current data
for a while.
Everything on monitors is stored in RAMs • The data are lost when the
computer is turned off
(Volatile).
• If your memory is full, you
computer would become
slow or unresponsive.
(freezing and hanging)
Installing RAMs
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 Storage Devices
• Storage devices are used to store data
permanently or temporarily.

SSD and HDD

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 Software
• Software are sets of instructions or programs
that tell computer what to do.
• Computer cannot operate without software.

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 Types of Software
• There are 2 main types of
software
– System software
– Application software
• Software that make
computer work are called
system software.
• Software which are not
system software are called
application software.
(Apps)
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 System Software
1. Operating System (OS)
2. Utility Software

Operating system
• Operating system is a software that act as an
interface between the users and the devices
such as keyboard, mouse and monitor.
• Without an OS, computer is hard to operate.
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 Windows Operating System
Windows 1.0 Windows 11

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 Macintosh Operating System
System 1 macOS 14 Sonoma

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 Linux Operating System
Linux 1.0 Ubuntu 24

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 Mobile OS
iOS Android

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Thank You!

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