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Variable and Hypotheses

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8 views8 pages

Variable and Hypotheses

Uploaded by

rajeshrsingh42
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 3

VARIABLE AND HYPOTHESIS

Presenter- Prof
Objectives
After reading through the content the students will be able to :-
 Define variable
 Identify the different types of variables
 Show the relationship between and variables
 Explain the concept of hypotheses
 State the sources of hypotheses
 Explain different types of hypotheses
 Identify types of hypotheses
 Frame hypotheses skilfully
 Describe the characteristics of a good hypotheses
 Explain the significance level in hypotheses testing
 Identify the errors in testing of hypotheses
Meaning of Variable
A variable is a any entity that can take different values. Any thing that vary OR can take different values
for different people or the same person at different times .

A variable is a concept of abstract idea that can be described in measurable term. In research the term
refer to be measurable characteristics, qualities, traits or attributes of a particular individual, object, or
situation being studied.

Variable are things that we measure, control, or manipulate in research. They differ in many respects,
more notably in the role they are given in our research and in type of measure that can be applied to them.

Example:- height, Weight, income etc.


Types of Variables
1. Independent Variable :- Independent variables are variable which manipulated or controlled or
changed.
Example:- A Study of Teacher student classroom interaction at different levels of schooling

2. Dependent Variables :- The variable which changes on account of Independent Variable is known as
dependent variable
Example :- Score on a classroom observation Inventory, which measures student-teacher Infraction.

3. Extraneous Variable :- Independent Variable that are not related to the purpose of the study, but
may affect the dependent variable termed as extraneous variables.
Example :- Effectiveness of various methods of teaching Social Science.
Continue……..
4. Intervening Variable :- They Intervene between cause and effect. Some time these variables can not be
controlled or measured but have an important effect upon the result of the study as it intervenes between
cause and effect.
Example :- Effect of immediate reinforcement on learning the parts of speech.

5. Moderator :- A third variable that when introduced into an analysis, alters or has a contingent effect on
the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable.
Example:- suppose we want to fit a regression model in which we use the independent variable hours spent
exercising each week to predict the dependent variable resting heart rate. We suspect that

more hours spent exercising is associated with a lower resting heart rate. However, this
relationship could be affected by a moderating variable such as gender.
3.4 CONTROLLING EXTRANEOUS AND INTERVENING VARIABLES

Extraneous Variables : Extraneous variables are variables that can interfere with the action of the
independent variable. Since they are not part of the study, their influence must be controlled.

The methods of controlling extraneous variables include :-


 Randomization
 Homogeneous sampling techniques
 Matching
 Building the variables into the design
 Statistical control
 Randomization
# Randomization is the only method of controlling all possible extraneous variables.
Randomization comes into play when we randomly assign subjects to experimental and control groups,
thus ensuring that the groups are as equivalent as possible prior to the manipulation of the independent
variable. Random assignment assures that the researcher is unbiased. Instead, assignment is
predetermined for each subject.
randomization is the only method of controlling all possible extraneous variables.
 Homogeneous Sample
One simple and effective way of controlling an extraneous variable is not to allow it to vary. We may
choose a sample that is homogenous for that variable.
Example- sampling technique that aims to achieve a homogeneous sample; that is, a sample whose
units (e.g., people, cases, etc.) share the same (or very similar) characteristics or traits (e.g., a group
of people that are similar in terms of age, gender, background, occupation, etc.).

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