Chapter 1:

COMPUTER SYSTEM
What is
Computer?
 A computer can be defined as an electronic
device which accepts input from the user,
process the input and produce the desired
output.
COMPUTER - Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Trade, Education
and Research
BASIC COMPUTER
COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
 computer performs basically five major
functions
irrespective of its size and make.
 It accepts data or instructions by way of
input
 It stores data
 It processes data as required by the user
 It controls operations of a computer I-P-O
Cycle
 It gives results in the form of output
INPU PROCES OUTPU
T S T
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
COMPUTER
INPUT DEVICES
 These are the devices used to give input
to computer for processing.
 Input may be in form of text, images, audio, etc.
 Input Devices example:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Scanner
 Etc.
INPUT DEVICES – through which control signals are sent to the system –
sends the input data in digital format that the system can process.
CP
U Stands for Central Processing Unit


 Also known as the Brain of Computer.

 It convert the Input into Output
 CPU perform its operation with the help of its
2 subunits :-
 ALU : Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 CU : Control Unit
AL
UALU Perform all the arithmetical and


logical operations.

 Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, /

 Logical operation like comparison or

decision making like: >, <, =, >=, <=, <>
C
U  Control and guides the interpretation of
all the data and information.
 It coordinates the different units attached
to computer system.
 It takes input from Input device and store
it in main memory, then it send the data
to ALU if any arithmetic operation is
required after this it transfer the output to
output devices.
3. Memory
A collection of cells, each with a unique physical address
Most computers are byte-addressable
Cell at address 11111110 contains 10101010
OUTPUT DEVICES – Device that receives data from system and displays for the user –
sends information in human readable format.
Advantages of computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Huge storage
• Versatility
• Tirelessness
Disadvantages of computer
• Data security issue
• Computer crimes
• Health risk
• Bad impact on environment if not properly disposed
off
 THE EARLY
YEARS Chinese Abacus

originally from Asia. It

 The first counting device was the abacus(500 BC),
worked on a place-value
notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on
the apparatus determined how much it was worth.

Ro m a n Abacus Russian Abacus

 NAPIER'S BONES
(1600S)
 Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created

by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients
of numbers.
 Pascaline (1642)

 Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator called Pascaline. This
calculating machine could add and subtract two numbers directly and
multiply and divide by repetition.

Pascaline signed by Pascal

DIFFERENCE ENGINE
(1812)
 Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", designed a

machine, the difference engine which would be steam-
powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed
instruction program.
• 1834 – Charles Babbage invented analytical engine which follows I-P-O
cycle and that is the base of modern computers
 HOLLERITH’S
TABULATOR(1890
 Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-

S)
card data-processing machine which was used to compile information
for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that
he started his own business to market it. His company would
eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).

Hollerith card
puncher used by the
United S t a t e s
Census B u re a u
 TURING
MACHINE(1937)
 British mathematician Alan Turing developed a hypothetical device,

the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical
operation and could read and write.

Model of Turing Machine

 EDVAC/ENIAC (1945)

 The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
And EDVAC(Electronic Discreate variable Automatic computer)was
developed by using stored program concept.
• 1906 – Vacuum Tube

• 1947 – Vacuum tubes were replaced by Transistors using semiconductor

material

• 1970 – Transistors were replaced by Integrated Circuit. It is a silicon chip

that contains electronic circuit in very small area and hence the size of the
computers were reduced
• 1981 – IBM introduced its first personal computer for the home user
• 1984 – Apple introduced Macintosh machines

• But the popularity because of GUI

• Around 1990 the growth of WWW further accelerated the mass usage of
computers
Memory of
Computer
 Memory refers to the place where data is stored
temporarily or permanently.
 Input must goes to Memory Unit then only any
action on it can be performed.
 Computer Memory is basically of 2 types:
 Primary Memory
• COMPUTER MEMORY THAT IS ACCESSED DIRECTLY BY THE CPU
 Primary or main memory stores information(data and
instruction)
 Secondary Memory
 Stores the data permanently for future retreival
Primary
Memory
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 It is the working memory, right from the booting of
computer till the computer is shutdown this memory
is in use to store all the operation done by the
computer
 is used for primary storage in computers to hold
active information of data and instructions.
 It holds data temporarily i.e. Volatile Memory
 RAM is faster than secondary memory.
 Data is lost if Power Off
Primary
Memory
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to store the
instructions provided by the manufacturer, which holds
the instructions to check basic hardware inter
connecter and to load operating system from
appropriate storage device
 It is also known as FIRMWARE
 Its data is stored permanently on it so it is non-volatile
device.
 Eg. Boot loader(that loads OS into primary memory is
stored in ROM)
Cache Memory (Frequently used
Data)
RAM is faster than secondary storage but not as fast as
computer processor.

Because of RAM , a CPU have to slow down. To speed

up Cache memory is placed between CPU & main
memory.
Unit of
MemoryThe elementary unit of memory is a bit (binary
digit) Zero(0) & One(1)
GROUP OF KNOWN AS
4 BIT NIBBLE
8 BIT BYTE
1024 BYTES 1 KILO BYTE(KB)
1024 KB 1 MEGA BYTE(MB)
1024 MB 1 GIGA BYTE(GB)
1024 GB 1 TERA BYTE(TB)
1024 TB 1 PETA BYTE(PB)
1024 PB 1 EXA BYTE(EB)
1024 EB 1 ZETTA BYTE(ZB)
1024 ZB 1YOTTA BYTE
Secondary Storage Devices
 If we want to save data for future reference and retrieval
then it needs to be saved in memory other than primary
memory, which is called secondary memory, or auxiliary
memory. Normally hard disk of computer is used as
secondary memory but this is not portable so there are
many other secondary storage media in use.
 Example:
 Hard Disk
 CD/DVD
 Pen Drive
 Floppy, etc.
Secondary Storage Devices
 HARD DISK :
 A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or
disk drive) is a device for storing and retrieving digital
information, primarily computer data.
 It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly
rotating discs (often referred to as platters), coated with
magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to
write data to the surfaces and read it from them.
 Generally hard disks are sealed units fixed in the cabinet. It
is also known as fixed disk
Secondary Storage Devices
 FLOPPY DISK : It is a data storage medium that is made
up of a disk of thin, flexible magnetic material enclosed
in a cover. Its capacity is 1.44 MB.

 COMPACT DISK (CD) : Capacity of standard 120mm

CD is 700MB. It is a thin optical disk which is
commonly used and video data. Transfer speed
to store audio
is
mentioned as multiple of 150 KB/s. 4x 600 KB/s
means .
Secondary Storage Devices
 DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) : This is an optical disc
storage device. It can be recorded on single side or on
double side. Its capacity may range from 4.7 GB to
8.5 GB.
 PEN DRIVE :This is small, portable memory, which can

be plugged into a computer with USB Port.

They have capacity lesser than hard disk but much
larger than a floppy or CD. They are more reliable also.
They are also called pen drive.
Data transfer between memory and CPU
Data are transferred between different components
using physical wires called Bus.

ie., Data is transferred between CPU & main memory

using BUS.

3 types of Bus:
1) Data Bus
2) Address Bus
3) Control Bus
Address Bus:
 It is unidirectional bus from CPU to memory.
 Responsible for carrying address of a memory
location or input/output ports

Data Bus:
 It is a bidirectional bus that carries the actual data
to & from memory location, to output ports and
from input ports.
 It carries 16 bits or 32 bits or 64 bits of data
depending on architecture.

Control Bus:
 It is bidirectional bus that carries control signals like
whether a device is ready or to stop/ halt when
interrupt occurs
MICROPROCESSORS

A processor (CPU) implemented on a single microchip is

called microprocessor

It is a small sized electronic component that carries

various task in data processing like arithmetic & logical
operations

Microprocessor is built over IC comprising millions of

components like resistors, transistors & diodes.

Capable of performing millions of instructions per

millisecond
GENERATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor specifications / Classifications

Based on
• Chip Type

• Word size

• Memory size

• Clock speed

• Cores
Word size:
Maximum number of bits that a microprocessor can
process a time.

Memory size:
Depending upon the word size, the size of RAM
varies. Ram size was 4 MB due to 4/8 bits word but now up
to 16 Exa bytes.

Clock speed:
The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions.
The faster the clock speed, the more instructions the microprocessor
can execute per second.
Cores:
initially single core so single task
But now multicore so multiple tasks.
 Microcontrollers

CPU + RAM + ROM + other peripherals in one single

chip

Example:
 Washing machine, microwave etc., has
microcontroller.

 Because of its very small size it is embedded in

another device to perform a specific functionality.
 DATA VS INFORMATION

Data vs Information
Data are raw numbers or other findings which, by themselves, are of
limited value.

Information is data that has been converted into a meaningful and

useful context.

Data – Raw facts (Input)

Information – meaning data (output)

 Data and its types
 Through Input Device externally data can be given
as input in different formats (text, video, images etc.,)

 Internally everything is stored by 0’s & 1’s

Types:
1. Structured Data
2. Unstructured Data
3. Semi-structured Data
STRUCTURED DATA

• Data with pre-specified tabular format

(row/column)
• Strict record structure
ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED
DATA
• Easy to understand

• Sorting is possible
EXAMPLES:

• Air line reservation

• Online railway ticket bookings

UNSTRUCTURED DATA

• Data not organized in a predefined record

format
• Include audio and video files, social
media posts, text documents etc.,
 • No well-defined external
structure but internally
maintains tags or
markings to separate data
elements
Semi-
structured
Data

• Examples:
• Email document
• HTML page
• CSV files
Data capturing, storage &
Retrieval
 Data capturing

• Through Keyboard
• Barcode reader
• Scanners
• Comments or posts over social media
 Data storage
• Storing the captured data
for processing later
• Can have servers to store
vast data
 Data Retrieval
• Fetching data from the storage devices
for processing.

• As databases grow , the challenges

involved in storage and retrieval also
increases.
Data Deletion & Recovery
 Data Deletion

 User accidentally erase data from storage devices

Or

Hacker or malware delete the digital data intentionally

 Deleting digitally means changing the data at bit level and that is time
consuming

 Hence when any data is deleted its address is marked as free and that
space is shown as empty to the user without deleting it.
 Data Recovery

 It is the process of retrieving deleted,

corrupted and lost data.

 Recovery of data is possible only if the

contents or memory space marked as deleted
have not been overwritten by some other data
 Security concerns

 By limiting access to the computer

system

 Using passwords to files

 Encrypting Files to protect from

unwanted modification
 How to avoid unwanted recovery

 Unwanted recovery pose a threat to data

confidentiality

 Use proper tools to delete the content

before disposing of any old faulty storage
device
SOFTWARE
 Software
 Set of instructions
 Cannot touch or view physically
 Software + hardware =any task

 Document/image on hard disk or pen drive is

softcopy
 Once printed the document/image is called
hardcopy
 Interacting with Hardware

User
Appn
Software
System
software

Hardware

Software acts as an interface

between human users and the hardware
 Types of software:

(1)System software: controls the basic functions of a computer

& hides complexity of computer system from user and
application software. E.g. Operating System, Compiler,
Interpreter etc.
(2)Utility software: Which helps to manage, maintain and
control computer resources. E.g. are antivirus software,
backup software and disk tools.
(3)Application software: It handles specialized/ common tasks
a user wants to perform, such as banking, hotel
management, any data processing, word processing etc.
 Types of System software

(1) System software

OPERATING SYSTEM
• It controls and manages the computer
resources so that application software
can run on it.

• Example: Microsoft Windows, Solaris,

Linux, MAC OS, Ubuntu etc.
 HOW OPERATING SYSTEM WORKS

OS- back bone.

It works as a middleman (interface)
between machine and user.

Two things:
•It manages the hardware resources of the
computer system.
•It provides a stable, consistent way for
applications to deal with the hardware
 Types of System software
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• Processor management
Loads, schedules and execute process/programs.

• Memory management
Allocates /De-allocation of memory for program execution.

• Device management
Communicate and controls various I/O devices.

• Application interface
provide a way for applications to make use of hardware

• User interface
structure for interaction between a user and the computer
 Types of System software

TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM

* Single-User, Single Task Operating System:
These operating systems work on single task & single user at a time.E.g. DOS
* Single-User, Multi-Task Operating System:
These operating systems works on more than one task and process them
concurrently at a
time.E.g. windows 95 or later version of windows
* Multiuser Operating System:
In these OS, multiple users are allowed to access the same data or information
at a time via a network. E.g. Unix,Linux,Windows7.
* Multiprocessing Operating System:
Here, a single process runs on two or more processors. All the processing
and their management takes place in a parallel way, hence this OS are
also called as Parallel Processing. E.g. Linux, UNIX and Windows 7.
* Embedded Operating System:
These are embedded in a device, which is located in ROM.E.g. OS of
microwaves,washing machine.
 Utility software
Utility software for efficient working of
our computer and other task.

 Compression tools - Compression tools are utilities that assist

operating systems in shortening files so that they take less
space.
 Disk Cleanup - Disk cleanup tools assist users in freeing up disk
space.
 Disk Defragmenter - Disk defragmenter is a disk management
utility that increases file access speeds by rearranging
fragmented files on contiguous locations.
 Backup - Backup utility enables backing up of files, folders,
databases or complete disks.
in carrying out certain specialized tasks are called utility software.
 Antivirus - An anti-virus scans the system for any virus and if
detected, gets rid
 Device Driver
 Is a computer program that operates or controls the
device that is attached to the computer.
 A device driver is a system software that acts like an
interface between the Device and the user or the
Operating System. All computer accessories like
Printer, Scanner, Web Camera, etc. come with their
own driver software.
 Programming Tools

 Computers (machine language) and

humans(HLL) understand different
languages.
 Hence translators are needed to convert HLL
to machine language.
 Also we need code editors to write the code.
 Classification of Programming Languages
 Machine Language:
 Difficult to write instructions &finding fault.
 Assembly Language:
 English like words.(mnemonics)
 Code is computer specific. (code written for
cannot be used for another)
 High Level Language Language:
 Natural language.
 Machine independent.
 Translators are needed to convert HLL to
machine language.
 Language Translators
Language processor/Programming Language

 As the computer understand machine

language(0/1) whereas Humans
understand High level/Human Lang.
 Language Processors does the conversion
task(high level to machine lang.)
 Code in HLL or Assembly language – Source
code
 Code in machine language – Object code
 These are of 3 types Language processors

1. Assemblers- convert the code from Assembly

language to Machine Language.
2.Compilers-It convert high-level language code to
machine code in one session. It takes time because it
must translate high-level code to lower-level machine
language all at once and then save the executable
object code to memory.
3.Interpreters-It translates code like a compiler but
reads the code and immediately executes that code
(line by line conversion).
Difference between Compiler and
Interpreter:
S.N
O. COMPILER INTERPRETER

Scans the whole program in one Translates program one statement

1. go. at a time.
the errors (if any) are shown at
2. the end together. errors are shown line by line.
Due to interpreters being slow in
Main advantage of compilers executing the object code, it is
3. is it’s execution time. preferred less.
It doesn’t convert the instructions
It converts the instructions instead it directly works on source
4. into systematic code. language.
5 E.g. C, C++, C# etc. E.g. Python, Ruby, Perl, MATLAB etc.
 Program Development Tools

 We write programs in text editor.

 An editor is a software that allows us to create

a text file to type instructions and to store the
file as source code.

 Then we use compiler/Interpreter to convert to

object code. (Before conversion detection &
correction of errors are done)
 Application Software
 Application software runs on Operating system.
It uses the services of operating system to
interact with hardware.
 A system can work without Application software
but cannot without system software
 It is of 2 types:
 General Purpose Software
 Customized software
General Purpose software

 Developed for generic applications, to satisfy bigger

audience in general. (Ready-made)
 These are the common software used by everyone in
the world. Examples are:
 Word Processing : for creating document, letters,
applications. Example : MS-Word, Writer etc
 Spreadsheet : for storing data in tabular form, performing
simple calculation, visualization etc. Examples : MS-Excel,
calc.
 Presentation : for creating personal of professional
presentation in attractive and interactive way. Examples:
MS-PowerPoint, Impress
 Database : to store huge amount of data and also perform
queries on stored data. Examples: Oracle, MySQL, etc
Customized
Software
 These are tailor-made software i.e. it is
created as per the need of the customer
for their specific requirement like – for
maintaining school operation, Restaurant
management, banking, Hotel, Hospital
management etc.
OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS

This term is used to refer those categories of software whose licenses do

not impose

2. Free & Open Source Software – Freely usable with source code
E.g. Ubuntu, open office, python etc.,
3. Proprietary Software – Neither open nor freely available and we
purchase from the vendor. E.g., Microsoft windows
4. Freeware – Software is freely available but source code
may not be available. E.g. Skype, Adobe Reader etc.,
5. Shareware - Freely accessible, usable but for a limited
period.
Objectives of Operating System
 To Provide services for running application
programs.
 When an application program needs to be run it
is an OS that loads that program into memory
and allocates the CPU for execution.
 When multiple applications programs need to be
run , the OS decides the order of execution.
 To Provide interface between the user and the
computer.
OS User Interface
Character User Interface
 This type of interface requires user to type each
instructions on its prompt to send request to
computer.
 User must remember each command with proper
syntax to perform its operation.
 It is not very easy and user friendly.
 Example of this type of interface was DOS (Disk
Operating System), it is still available with
windows as CMD program where we can type the
DOS commands
Character User Interface
Graphical User Interface
 It is more user friendly interface than CUI which
uses images, icons to represent the option,
commands.
 Various GUI components are used like: Labels, Text
Box, Buttons, Check Box, Radio Buttons, List
Box, Combo Box, Password field, Menus, Dialog
Box etc.
 GUI Interface is Event Drive i.e. user must perform
event like – Click, Double Click, Drag to trigger
the action.
 Now days every OS/Applications are GUI based
Graphical User Interface
LABEL

TEXT
BOX

DROP
DOWN
LIST

RADIO
BUTTON

BUTTON
Touch Screen
Interface
 A touch screen is a computer/mobile display screen
that is allows user to interact with the application by
directly touching it by hand or by stylus. The screens
are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the
computer by touching pictures or words on the
screen.
 Voice-based Interface

 Voice based commands to make a computer work

in the desired way.

 E.g., iOS(Siri), Android (Google Now or “OK

Google”)
 Gesture Based Interface

 Some smart phones that is based on

Android and iOS make users interact
with the devices using gestures like eye
motion, shaking, waving, tilting etc.,
Functions of Operating system
 PROCESS MANAGEMENT

Process Management means managing the processes or processors i.e. CPU

Multiprogramming is way of function in which CPU shares
active programs with multiple users at a time.
Its benefits are:
1. Increased CPU
utilization
2. Higher Total job
throughput
Throughput is an
important measure of
system performance.
JOB SCHEDULING
Job scheduling not only assigns priority to jobs but also admits
new jobs for processing at appropriate times. They are of two
types:
1. Non-Preemptive Scheduling –
• First Come First Served(FCFS) Scheduling – The process
which request CPU first, is executed first.
• Shortest Job Next(SJN) – Whenever a new job is
admitted, the shortest of the arrived is selected and
given the CPU time.
• Deadline Scheduling – The job with the earliest deadline
is selected for scheduling.
2.Preemptive Scheduling –
• Round Robin – Gives all programs equal opportunity to
make progress.
Memory MANAGEMENT

In the working of a modern computer system, memory plays a vital role. The CPU
reads from and writes to specific memory addresses. Various approaches to memory
management are:
1. Contiguous Storage Allocation
2. Non Contiguous Storage Allocation

Memory management deals

with management of main
memory
• so that maximum memory
is utilized by large number
of processes and
• to keep track of each
location within the memory
as free or occupied.
File MANAGEMENT

Memory management system handles the main

memory whereas file management system ,
manages secondary memory.

Data and programs are stored as files in the

secondary storage of the computer system. File
management involves the creation, updating,
deletion of these files in the secondary memory.
DEVICE MANAGEMENT

 OS manages the heterogeneous devices and

hardware connected to it.

 OS interacts with device drivers and the

related software for a particular device

 It provides security by providing access to

the authorized users, software and hardware
only.