EDEXCEL IGCSE / CERTIFICATE IN PHYSICS 1-2

Forces & Shape

Edexcel IGCSE Physics pages 18 to 27
Content applying to Triple Science only is shown in
red type on the next slide and is indicated on
subsequent slides by ‘TRIPLE ONLY’

June 17th 2019

Presented By:

Md. Jahangir Alam

Physics Teacher
Contact No.: 01717979515
 Edexcel Specification
UNIT 1: Forces and motion
Chapter-2: Forces, and shape
Describe the effects of forces between bodies such as changes in speed, shaped,
shape or direction
Identity different types of forces such as gravitational or electrostatic
Understand how vector quantities differ from scalar quantities
Understand that force is a vector quantity
Calculate the resultant force of forces that act along a line
Know that friction is a force that opposes motion
Practical: investigate how extension varies with applied forces for helical

springs, metal wires and rubber bands

Know that initial linear region of a force-extension graph is associated with

Hooke’s law
Describe elastic behavior as the ability of a material to recover its original

shape after the forces causing deformation have been removed

.
 Force
The external cause which changes or
tends to change the state of motion an
object or the direction of motion of an
object or the shape and size of the object
is called force.

A force is a push or a pull.

A force can cause an object to:
– speed up
– slow down
– change direction
– change shape

Force is measured in
newtons (N).
Force is measured with a
newtonmeter.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
 Some types of force
1. Gravitational
The mutual attractive force exerted
between bodies because of their
masses is called gravitational force.

This force increases if either or both of

the masses is increased and
decreases if they are moved further
apart. Bathroom scales measure
weight.
Weight is the gravitational force of the A mass of 1kg weighs
Earth on an object. about 10N
1 stone is about 63N.
Weight = mass X gravitational field strength
W=mxg

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
2. Normal reaction or contact normal reaction forces

This is the repulsive force that

stops two touching bodies
moving into each other.

The word ’normal’ means that

this force acts at 90° to the
surfaces of the bodies.
weight

It is caused by repulsive The two upward reaction forces

molecular forces. on the tyres balance the
downward weight of the car

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
3. Friction
This is the force that opposes motion.
The kinetic energy of the moving object is converted to
heat energy by the force of friction.

Friction is needed for racing

Friction is needed for
cars to grip the road
walking!

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
3. Friction

When a body moves or tends to move

over another body, then a resistance is
developed between the two surfaces in
contact, which is known as friction.
This resistive force is called frictional
force.
Types of friction
Generally, there are four types of friction.
1. Static friction
2. Sliding friction
3. Rolling friction
4. Fluid friction

Static friction
Static friction is the friction between two surfaces that aren't moving relatively to each other

Sliding friction
Sliding friction is friction where an object slides, or rubs against, another surface.

Rolling friction
Rolling friction is friction between a rolling object and the surface that it is rolling on.

Fluid friction
When an object moves in a fluid i.e. a liquid or gas, the friction acts is called fluid friction.
4. Air resistance or drag
This is the force that opposes the movement of objects
through air.
Drag is a more general term used for the opposition force
in any gas or liquid.
Objects are often streamlined to reduce this force.

streamlined car
a parachute
maximises drag force
MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher
Contact No.: 01717979515
5. Upthrust
This is the force
experienced by objects
when they are placed into a
fluid (liquid or gas).

An object will float on a

liquid if the upthrust force
equals its weight.

A hot air balloon rises when the

upthrust from the surrounding
air is greater than the balloon’s
weight.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
6. Magnetic
The attractive or
repulsive force between
magnets and magnetic
materials but also the
force that allows electric
motors to work is called
magnetic force.
7. Electrostatic
Attractive and repulsive
forces due to bodies
being charged. Electrostatic force causes the
girls’ hair to rise when they
touch the Van der Graaff
generator.
MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher
Contact No.: 01717979515

Forces you should be aware of include:
o
Weight – the name given to the force of gravity on a mass.
o
Electrostatic force – the force between two charges
o
Thrust – a force pushing an object forward (such as the force
from a car engine)
o
Air resistance (or drag) – the friction of the air on a moving
object.
o
Upthrust – the force of a fluid (such as water) pushing an
object upwards (making it float)
o
Compression – forces that are squashing an object
o
Tension – forces that are stretching an object.
o
Reaction force – a force due to contact between two objects.
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
A force
_____ is a push or a pull. A force can cause an object to
___________
accelerate or change shape.
Force is measured in _______
newtons (N) with a newtonmeter.

contact force occurs when

There are many types of force. ________
two bodies touch each other.
motion of one body
opposes the _______
Friction is a force that _______
relative to another. It is caused by the _________
attractive forces
between ___________.
molecules

WORD SELECTION:
newtons accelerate force attractive
opposes molecules contact motion

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Vectors and Scalars

Considering the aspect of direction all the quantities of the physical word
can be divided into two groups :
1. Scalar Quantity
2. Vector Quantity
Scalar quantity:
Physical quantities which can be fully expressed by magnitude only are
called scalar quantities. Length, mass, speed, work, energy, time,
temperature etc. are examples of scalar quantities.

Vector quantity:
Physical quantities which need both magnitude and direction to be fully
expressed are called vector quantities. Displacement, weight, velocity,
acceleration, force, electric intensity, magnetic intensity etc. are
examples of vector quantities.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Representing Vectors
An arrowed straight Displacement 50m EAST
line is used.

The arrow indicates

the direction and the Displacement 25m at
length of the line is 45o North of East

proportional to the
magnitude.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Addition of vectors
4N 4N
6N 6N
object object
resultant = 10N
object

The original vectors are called COMPONENT vectors.

The final overall vector is called the RESULTANT vector.

4N 6N 6N 4N
object object

resultant = 2N
object

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Resultant force
A number of forces acting on
a body may be replaced by a
single force which has the 3N
same effect on the body as 2N
the original forces all acting
together.

This overall force is called

resultant force.
5N
In the example opposite, 5N
is the resultant force of the
3N and 2N forces.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Determine the resultant force in the cases below:

1. 4N 2.
6N
10N 3N 4N
1N

3. 3N 4. 5.
6N 4N
4N

4N
7N There is no resultant
2N 4N case
force in this

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Resultant force and motion

Resultant force Effect on the motion of
an object
Zero Object’s velocity stays
the same including
staying stationary
In the direction the Object accelerates
object is moving
In the opposite direction Object decelerates
in which the object is
moving
MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher
Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Examples 1 & 2

The box will move when The plane will

the man’s push force is accelerate provided that
greater than the friction the engine force is
force. greater than the drag
force.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Examples 3 & 4

The brakes exert a Once released, the

resultant force in the glider moves at a near
opposite direction to constant velocity as it
the car’s motion experiences a nearly
causing the car to zero horizontal
decelerate. resultant force.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:

A single force, called _________
resultant force, can be used to replace
a _______
number of forces that act on a body.

If the resultant force is _____

zero then the body will either
remain at _____
rest or continue to move at a constant ________.
velocity

direction as an object’s
If the resultant force is in the same _________
motion, the object will __________.
accelerate A car is decelerated
when the braking force acts in opposite
the _________ direction to the
car’s motion.

WORD SELECTION:
number rest direction zero opposite
velocity accelerate resultant

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
 Changing shape
Force can change the shape of
an object.

A stretching force puts an object

such as a wire or spring under
tension.

A squashing force puts an object

under compression.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
Brittle materials such as
glass do not change shape
easily and break before
noticeably stretching.

Resilient materials do not

break easily.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
Elastic materials return to
their original shape when
the forces on them are
removed.

Plastic materials retain their

new shape.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
 Stretching Springs
Experimental procedure:
1. Place the weight holder only on
the spring and note the position
of the pin against the metre rule. spring
2. Add 1N (100g) to the holder
and note the new position of the
pin. weights
3. Calculate the extension of the
spring.
4. Repeat stages 1 to 3 for 2N, pin
3N, 4N, 5N and 6N. DO NOT
EXCEED 6N. metre rule

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
An experiment to measure the extension of a spring
•Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
•A single mass (0.1 kg, 100g) is attached to the spring, with a pointer attached to the
bottom, and the position of the spring is measured against the ruler.
•The mass ( in kg) and position (in cm) are recorded in a table.
•A further mass is added and the new position measured.
•The above process continues until a total of 7 masses have been added.
•The masses are then removed and the entire process repeated again, until it has been
carried out a total of three times, and averages can then be taken.
•Once measurements have been taken:
The force on the spring can be found by multiplying the mass of the spring (in kg) by
10 N/kg (the gravitational field strength).
The extension of the spring can be found by subtracting the original position of the
spring from each of the subsequent positions.
 Typical results
Pin position Added weight Pin position Extension
with holder or Force (N) with weight (mm)
only (mm) (mm)
450 1 480 30
450 2 509 59
450 3 541 91
450 4 570 120
450 5 601 151
450 6 629 179

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
Force against extension graph

Force (N)

0
0 Extension (mm)

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
 Hooke’s law
Hooke’s law states that the extension of a
spring is proportional to the force used to
stretch the spring.

‘Proportional’ means that if the force is doubled

then the extension also doubles.

The line on a graph of force against extension will

be a straight AND go through the origin.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
 Question
A spring of original length 150mm is extended by
30mm by a force of 4N. Calculate the length of
the spring if a force of 12N is applied.

12N is three times 4N

Therefore the new extension should be 3 x 30mm
= 90mm
New spring length = 150mm + 90mm
= 240mm

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
 Elastic limit
Up to a certain extension if the force is
removed the spring will return to its
original length. The spring is behaving
elastically.

If this critical extension is exceeded,

known as the elastic limit, the spring
will be permanently stretched. The right hand
spring has been
Hooke’s law is no longer obeyed by the stretched beyond
spring if its elastic limit is exceeded. its elastic limit

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
Force against extension graph if the
elastic limit is exceeded

Force (N)

elastic limit

0
0 Extension (mm)

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
 Stretching an elastic band
Force

An elastic band
does not obey
Hooke’s law.

0
0 Extension

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
Hooke’s law states that when a wire or spring is _________
stretched the
increase in length or _________
extension is proportional to the load
______
force applied.

This law is not obeyed if the spring is taken beyond its ______
elastic
limit after which it will become _____________
permanently stretched.
A ________
rubber band does not obey Hooke’s law.

A graph illustrating Hooke’s law will have a line that is

straight
___________ origin
and passes through the _______.

WORD SELECTION:
stretched elastic permanently extension
origin force rubber straight

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
 Online Simulations
Effect of forces on motion using a space module Vector Addition - PhET - Learn how to add
- Freezeray.com vectors. Drag vectors onto a graph, change their
Force combination balloon game - eChalk length and angle, and sum them together. The
Electric & Magnetic Forces - 'Whys Guy' Video magnitude, angle, and components of each vector
Clip (3:30mins) - Shows Charged Balloon & can be displayed in several formats.
Effect of a magnet on a TV screen.
Representing vectors - eChalk
Resultant of two forces - Fendt
Vectors & Scalars - eChalk
Forces on objects immersed in liquids - NTNU
BBC KS3 Bitesize Revision: Vector addition - eChalk
What is a force Vector Chains - eChalk
Balanced forces Fifty-Fifty Game on Vectors & Scalars - by KT -
Unbalanced forces Microsoft WORD
BBC AQA GCSE Bitesize Revision: Vector addition - Explore Science
Resultant force
Types of forces
Stretching Springs - PhET - A realistic mass and
spring laboratory. Hang masses from springs and
adjust the spring stiffness and damping. You can
even slow time. Transport the lab to different
planets. A chart shows the kinetic, potential, and
thermal energy for each spring.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
TRIPLE ONLY

Forces & Shape

Notes questions from pages 4 and 12 to 22
1. (a) What is force? (b) Explain the meaning of the following types of
force: gravitational, normal reaction, drag, electrostatic and
friction. (see pages 12 to 17)
2. Explain the difference between vectors and scalars quantities and
give two examples of each. (see pages 4 and 13)
3. State what is meant by Hooke’s law and explain how a graph can
be drawn to verify that a spring obeys this law.
4. What is meant by ‘elastic limit’?
5. Sketch a graph showing how the loading force varies with
extension when extending an elastic band.

6. Answer the questions on pages 21 & 22.

7. Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter
checklist on page 21

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515
DOUBLE ONLY

Forces & Shape

Notes questions from pages 12 to 22

1. (a) What is force? (b) Explain the meaning of the

following types of force: gravitational, normal reaction,
drag, electrostatic and friction. (see pages 12 to 17)
2. State what is meant by Hooke’s law and explain how a
graph can be drawn to verify that a spring obeys this
law.
3. What is meant by ‘elastic limit’?
4. Sketch a graph showing how the loading force varies
with extension when extending an elastic band.

5. Answer questions 1, 2, 6 and 9 on pages 21 & 22.

MD. JAHANGIR ALAM, PHYSICS Teacher

Contact No.: 01717979515