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Basic Electrical Principles

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29 views29 pages

Basic Electrical Principles

Uploaded by

jemuelpsam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Electrical Principles

In this presentation we will explore some of the fundamental


electrical principles
Basic Electrical Principles

Electricity is a form of energy.

Electrical appliances convert


electricity into other forms of energy.

These forms include heat, light and


kinetic energy (motion).

A knowledge of electrical principles is key to


understanding how these devices work.
Basic Electrical Principles
Electromotive Force (EMF)

Electricity is the movement of


negatively charged electrons.

Electrons are moved by an


electrical force, such as
provided by a battery or power
supply. This force is called an
electromotive force (EMF).
The unit of EMF is the Volt.

The symbol for volts is V

Eg. A supply has an EMF of 6 Volts.


Basic Electrical Principles
Electric Current

Electric current is the measure of


the rate of flow of charged electrons.

Electric current is measured in


Amperes
and is given the symbol I

Q
I =
t
If 1 coulomb of charge
flows past a point
where:
in 1 second
I = current in amperes (A)
1 amp is said to be flowing.
Q = charge in coulombs (C)
t = time in seconds (s)
Basic Electrical Principles
AC and DC Direct current (DC)

There are two types of


electrical flow.

1. Direct current:
the electrons keep
flowing in the same Batteries and most power supplies
direction provide DC.

Alternating current (AC) 2. Alternating current:


the electrons flow back and forth

National power distribution networks


provide AC.
Basic Electrical Principles
Resistance
Resistance is a property of conductors
to restrict current flow.
Good conductors have a very low
resistance.
Good insulators have a very high
Power lines are good conductors
resistance.
Insulator Conductor
Components called resistors
are made with specific values
and are used to modify a
Power cables are surrounded by good insulation circuit’s operation.

The unit for resistance is Ohms


and symbol is Ω.
eg. R = 3Ω
Basic Electrical Principles
Ohm’s Law
Voltage, current and resistance have a direct relationship where
the current in a circuit is proportional to voltage and
inversely proportional to resistance.
This is known as Ohm’s law.

Current
This can be seen by plotting a graph
of I against V for a fixed value of
resistance.
From this we can derive the formula:
V
R= Voltage
I
And transpose the formula for any of the unknowns.

I= V=
Basic Electrical Principles
A Circuit

A circuit is a complete link between one terminal of the power


supply and the other terminal.

We use symbols to represent


the components in a circuit.
Basic Electrical Principles
Direction of Current Flow
Conventional Current
Before it was known that electrons are
negatively charged, it was assumed
that the charge was positive. ++
V
-
The term “conventional current” is
used when describing current flowing
from positive to negative. Electron current

The term “electron current” is used


when describing current flowing
from negative to positive
Basic Electrical Principles
Measurement of Voltage and Current
Current is measured with an ammeter, and voltage is measured
with a voltmeter.

A voltmeter is always connected across a component (parallel)


to measure the voltage difference between two points.
Voltmeter

Ammeter

An ammeter is always placed within the circuit


(in series) so that the current flows through it.
Basic Electrical Principles
Measuring Voltage

The voltmeter is always placed


across (in parallel with) a
component to measure its voltage.
Basic Electrical Principles

Measuring Current

To measure current we have to


break the circuit and insert our
ammeter into the break
Basic Electrical Principles
Measuring Resistance

To measure resistance we have to isolate the component from the


rest of the circuit so that we do not measure any parallel paths.
Basic Electrical Principles
Electrical Power

When current flows through a resistor, Current

electrical energy is transformed into


heat energy.
Battery
Heat

Electrical power is the rate at which


electrical energy is converted to Resistor
another form of energy, such as
heat or mechanical energy.
Basic Electrical Principles
Electrical Power

Power (P) is the rate of converting Current (I )


energy from one form to another.
Power is measured in watts (W).

Power is defined as: Voltage (V)


Battery Resistor

Power (P) = Voltage (V) × Current (I) Heat

P=V×I

Combining this with Ohm's Law gives:


V2
P=I2×R and P=
R
Basic Electrical Principles
Electrical Power

This circuit contains a 2 kΩ resistor


and a power supply of 1.5 V.

How much power is dissipated in the


resistor? 1.5 V 2 kΩ

V2
P=
R
(1.5 V)2
P=
2000 Ω
P = 0.001125 W

P = 1.125 mW
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 1

In a DC circuit, what is the direction of conventional current flow?


A) From − to +

B) From the battery to the component

C) Backwards and forwards

D) From + to −
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 1

In a DC circuit, what is the direction of conventional current flow?


A) From − to +

B) From the battery to the component

C) Backwards and forwards

D) From + to −

It is based on the assumption that electricity is the flow of positive


charge being emitted from the positive battery terminal and
attracted to the negative terminal.
It flows the opposite way to the electron current.
Basic Electrical Principles

Question 2

What is the value of a resistor if a current of 0.5 A flows


through it when a voltage of 5 V exists across it?
Give your answer in Ω.

Next >
Basic Electrical Principles

Question 2

What is the value of a resistor if a current of 0.5 A flows


through it when a voltage of 5 V exists across it?
Give your answer in Ω.
V
R=
I

5
R= Ω
0.5

R = 10 Ω
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 3

Which shows an ammeter correctly connected in a circuit?

A) B)

C) D)
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 3

Which shows an ammeter correctly connected in a circuit?

A) B)

C) D)
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 4

What current will flow through a 120 Ω


resistor if 6 V is applied across it?
?A

A) 0.05 A

B) 0.04 A 6V 120 Ω

C) 0.02 A

D) 0.01 A
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 4

What current will flow through a 120 Ω


resistor if 6 V is applied across it?
?A

A) 0.05 A
V
I=
B) 0.04 A R
6V 120 Ω

6V
C) 0.02 A I=
120
Ω
D) 0.01 A I = 0.05 A
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 5
What battery voltage is required to make a
current of 0.01 A flow through a 560 Ω resistor?

0.01 A

Give your answer in V to 1 d.p.

?V 560 Ω
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 5
What battery voltage is required to make a
current of 0.01 A flow through a 560 Ω resistor?

0.01 A

Give your answer in V to 1 d.p.


V=IR ?V 560 Ω
V = 0.01 A × 560 Ω
V = 5.6 V

5.6 (V)
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 6

A resistor is to be used on a 5 V supply and is expected to


have a current of 0.08 A flowing through it. Which of the
following power ratings would NOT be suitable for the resistor?
A) 0.25 W

B) 0.5 W

C) 1.0 W

D) 2.0 W
Basic Electrical Principles
Question 6

A resistor is to be used on a 5 V supply and is expected to


have a current of 0.08 A flowing through it. Which of the
following power ratings would NOT be suitable for the resistor?
A) 0.25 W
Power (P) = Voltage (V) × Current (I)
B) 0.5 W
P = 5 V × 0.08 A
C) 1.0 W
P = 0.4 W
D) 2.0 W

The resistor will dissipate 0.4 W, which would exceed the 0.25 W
rating.
In this case, any resistor with a power rating less than 0.4 W
would be unsuitable.
Basic Electrical Principles

end

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