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Lecture 02 AV-323 Computer System Architecture

Computer System Architecture (An Introduction)

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20 views

Lecture 02 AV-323 Computer System Architecture

Computer System Architecture (An Introduction)

Uploaded by

salehaabidmn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

AV-323

Operating Systems
Lecture No 02

Computer System Architecture


Textbook: Operating Systems Concepts book by Silberschatz, Galvin,
and Gagne 10th Ed, 2018; Chapter 1

August 6, 2024
Number of Slides:
1
In the Last Lecture
• Introduction and Importance of Operating Systems
• Computer System Organization
• Interrupts
• Storage structure

2
In This Lecture
• Computer System Organization
• I/O Structure
• Computer System Architecture

3
I/O Data Transfers and the CPU
• Every time a byte is to be transferred to memory,
interrupting the CPU may make the overall data
transfer very slow
• The concept of Direct Memory Access is used here

4
Direct Memory Access Structure
• Used for high-speed I/O devices able to transmit
information at close to memory speeds
• Device controller transfers blocks of data from buffer
storage directly to main memory without interrupting
the CPU for every byte
• Only one interrupt is generated in the end to signal
the completion of operation, rather than the one
interrupt per byte

5
A von Neumann architecture

6
Computer System
Architecture
Section 1.3

7
Computer System Architecture
• We shall discuss
• Single Processor Systems
• Multiprocessor Systems
• Clustered Systems

8
Single Processor System
• These refer to the computer systems having only one
general-purpose processor/core/CPU.
• We have many special-purpose processors as well.
• For example, keyboard has a microprocessor that converts
the keystrock into codes to be sent to the CPU.
• However, the microprocessor in the keyboard cannot
process all types of instructions and hence, NOT a
general-purpose processor

9
Multiprocessor System
• Multiprocessor systems growing in use and
importance
• Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
• Advantages include:
• Increased throughput
• Economy of scale
• Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault tolerance
• Two types:
• Asymmetric Multiprocessing – each processor is assigned
a specie task.
• Symmetric Multiprocessing – each processor performs all
tasks.
10
Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

11
Multiple Cores in a Single CPU
• A CPU core is the part of a CPU that can
independently process all computational tasks.
• Core is the “brain” and basic computation unit of the CPU.
• One CPU can have multiple cores.
• Each core of a CPU can perform operations
separately from the others.
• Or multiple cores may work together to perform
parallel operations on a shared set of data in the
CPU's memory cache.

12
Dual-Core Design

13
Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) System
• Increasing the number of
CPUs increase contention
on the system bus.
• In NUMA, each CPU gets
its own memory to avoid
contention for the system
bus.
• NUMA is increasingly
popular due to
accommodating large
number of CPUs.

14
Clustered Systems
• A.k.a. loosely coupled systems
• Clustered systems also gather multiple CPUs.
• They differ from the multiprocessor systems in that
they are composed of two or more individual
systems/nodes—joined together.
• Each node is typically a multicore system.
• Clustered computers share storage and are closely
linked via a local-area network LAN

15
Summary
• Computer System Organization
• I/O Structure
• Computer System Architecture
• Single Processor Systems
• Multiprocessor Systems
• Clustered Systems

16

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