Advanced data base

Introduction and overview

Database technology has evolved from primitive file

processing to the development of database
management systems with query and transaction
processing.
Relational database systems have been widely used in
business applications
With the advancement of database technology ,various
kinds of advanced database systems have been
emerged and undergoing development to address the
requirements of new database applications
 Introduction…
 The new database applications include handling
 Special data (such as maps)
 Engineering design data (such as the design of
buildings, system components or integrated circuits)
 Hypertext and multimedia (including
text,images ,videos,and audio data)
 Time related data (such as historical records stock
exchange data)
 World wide web ( a huge ,widely distributed
information repository made available by the internet
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While such databases or information repositories require
sophisticated facilities to efficiently store ,retrieve and
update large amounts of complex data ,they also provide
fertile grounds and raise many challenging research and
implementation issues for data mining.
Further progress has led to the increasing demand for
efficient and effective data analysis and data
undedrstanding tools.
This need is a result of explosive growth in data
collected from applications including business and
management, government administration, science and
engineering, and environmental control.
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 These applications require efficient data structures and
scalable methods for handling complex object structures,
variable length records, semistructure and unstructured data,
text and multimedia data, data schemas with complex
structures and dynamic changes.
 In response to these needs, advanced database system and
specific application oriented database systems have been
developed.
 These includes:
 object-oriented and object relational database systems,
 text and multimedia database system,
 heterogeneous and legacy database system,
 and web base global information systems.
 Introduction…
 Object oriented databases
 based on the object oriented programming paradigm,
where in general terms, each entity is concerned as an
object.
 data and code relating to an object are encapsulated
into a single unit
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 Each object has associated with it the following:
 A set of variables that describe the objects(these correspond to
the attributes in the entity relationship and relational models.
 A set of messages that the object can use to communicate with
other objects,or with the rest of the database system
 A set of methods ,where each method holds the code to
implement a message .Upon receiving a message ,the method
returns a value in response
For instance the method for the message get_photo(employee) will
retrieve and return a photo of the given employee object
 Objects that share a common set of properties can be grouped into
an object class.
 Each object is an instance of its class.
 Object classes can be grouped organized into class/subclass
hierarchies so that each class represents properties that are
common to objects in that class.
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 Object Relational Databases
Are constructed based on an object –relational data
model
This model extends the relational model by providing
a rich data type for handling complex objects and
object orientation.
In addition special constructs for relational query
languages are included to manage the added data
types.
Are becoming increasingly popular in industry and
applications.
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Special Databases
Contains spatial related information
Such databases includes geographic (map) databases,VLSI
chip design databases, and medical and satellite image
databases.
Special data may be represented in raster format ,consisting
of n-dimensional bit maps or pixel maps.
For example a 2D satellite image may be represented as raster
each pixel registers the rain fall in a given area.
Maps can be represented in vector format ,where
roads ,bridges, buildings and lakes are represented as union
of basic geometric constructs such as points, lines,polygons,
and the partitions and networks formed by these shapes.
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Geographic database applications
 Forestry and ecology planning
 Location of telephone and electric cables, pipes and
sewage system
 Vehicle navigation and dispatching system
 Urban planning
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 Temporal Databases And Time series Database

 Both stores time related data

 A time –series data database stores sequences of values that exchange with time,
such as data collected regarding the stock exchange
 Data mining techniques can be used to find the characteristics of object evolution
or the trend of changes for objects in the database
 Such information can be useful in decision making and strategic planning
 Ex Bacteria Growth____expiration date
 The mining of banking data may aid in the scheduling bank tellers according to
the volume of customer traffic.
 Stock exchange data ______ investement strategies
 Time may be decomposed according to fiscal years,academic years,or calendar
years,years may be further decomposed into quarteres,or months
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Text databases and Multimedia
databases
 Text databases are databases that contain word descriptions for objects
 These word descriptions are actually not simple keywords but rather
long sentences or paragraphs such as documents.
 Text databases may be highly unstructured(such as home web pages
on the www)
 Some text databases may be semistructured (such as e-mail message
and many HTML/XML web pages)
 Others are relatively well structured(such as library database)
 * General description of object classes
 *Key words
 *Content associations
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 Multimedia databases atore image,audio,and video data
 They are used in applications such as picture content-based
retrieval,voice mail systems,video on demand systems,the
www,and speech based user interfaces that recognize
spoken commands
 * multimedia databases must support large objects,since
data objects such as video can require gigabytes of storage.
 *Specialized storage and search techniques are also reqired
 *real-time retrieval(leap sysnchronizations)
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Hetrogeneous Databases and Legacy
databases
 Objects in one component databases may differ greatly from objects in other
component database, making it difficult to assimilate their semantics into the overall
heterogeneous database
 A legacy database is a group of heterogeneous databases that combines different
kinds of data systems such as relational or object oriented databases, hierarchical
databases, network databass, spreadsheets,multimedia databases ,or file systems
 The heterogeneous databases in a legacy databases may be connected by intra or
inter computer networks
 Information exchange across such databases is difficult since one needs to work out
precise transformation rules from one representation to another, considering diverse
semantics
 @ ex Student academic performance among d/f schools
 @ grading per quarter(year/semester
 @grade A to F (1-10)(1-100)
 @number of course in Database 2,3,4
 @fair,good,excellent,poor(more generalized,conceptual level)
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The world Wide Web
 The www and its associated distributed information
services such as America online, yahoo, Altavista,and rich,
world-wide, online information services, where data objects
are linked together to facilitate interactive access.
 Users seeking information of interest traverse from one
object via links to another
 *web services that provide keyword-based search without
understanding the context behind particular web pages can
only offer limited help to users
 * understanding users access pattern –better market
decisions(advertisements)
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Data warehouses
Refers to a database that is maintained separately from an
organization’s operational databases
Data warehouse systems allow for the integration of a
variety of application systems
They support information processing by providing a solid
platform of consolidated historical data for analysis
*non volatile
*Time variant[5-10 years historical data]
*Integrated on multiple heterogeneous sources
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Data Mining
 Refers to extracting or “mining” knowledge from large amount of data
 *the term is misnomer(gold mining, mineral mining…
 *knowledge mining from databases, knowledge extraction, data analysis, data
archeology---
 Data mining is as simply an essential step in the process of knowledge discovery
in databases
 The steps in knowledge discovery are :
 Data cleaning to remove noise and inconsistent data
 Data integration combining multiple sources
 Data selection data relevant to analysis is selected
 Data transformation into a form appropriate for mining ex aggregation
 Data mining extracting knowledge(patterns)
 Pattern evaluation identifying the truly interesting patterns using measures
 Knowledge presentation visualization(presentation to users)
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Query Languages
DBMS –is a software system that enables users to define ,create
maintain and control access to the database
 Typically the DBMS provides the following facilities:
 It allows users to define the databases,usually through a Data
Defination Language(DDL)
 * the DDL allows users to specify the data types and structures and
the constraints on the data to be stored in the database
 It allows users to insert ,update ,delete and retievel data from the
database, usually through a Data Manipulation Language(DML)
 Having a central repository for all data and data descriptions allows
the DML to provide a general inquiry facility to this data,called a
query language
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 The most common query languages is the structured Qery
Languages(SQL)
 *pronounced as S_Q_L or see-Quel
 *standard language of DBMS
 It provides controlled access to the database using DCL provider
 Security system prevents unauthorized users accessing the database
 An integrity system maintains the consistency of stored data
 A concurrency control system shared access of the database
 A recovery control system restore the data base to previous consistent
state
 A user accessible catalog@contains description of the data in the DB
 *DDL&DML have compilers(DDL compilers and DML compilers)
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The 1992 SQL standard locked computational
completeness :it contained no flow of control
commands such as IF…THEN…ELSE,GOTO,OR
DO…WHILE
To overcome this and to provide more flexibility,S QL
allows statements to be embedded in a high–level
procedural language, as well as being able to enter
SQL statements interactively at a terminal
In the embedded approach ,flow of control can be
obtained from the structures provided by the
programming language
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 Two types of programming SQL:
 Embedded SQl statements :SQL statements are embedded
directly into the program source code and mixed with the host
language statements
 This approach allows users to write programs that access the
database directly
 *A special precompilers modifies the source code to replace
SQL statements with calls to DBMS routines
 *The source code can then be compiled and linked in the normal
way
 Application programming Interface(API).An alternative
technique is to provide the programmer with a standard set of
functions that can be invoked from the software.
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An API can provide the same functionality as embedded
statements and removes the need for any precompilation
It may be argued that this approach provides a cleaner
interface and generates more manageable code
The best known API is the open database
connectivity(ODBC) standard
Java programs communicate with databases and
manipulate their data using the JDBC API