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Lecture4 Arrays

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Lecture4 Arrays

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ncvlabecb
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Arrays and Matrices

CSE, POSTECH
Introduction
 Data is often available in tabular form
 Tabular data is often represented in arrays
 Matrix is an example of tabular data and is often
represented as a 2-dimensional array
– Matrices are normally indexed beginning at 1 rather
than 0
– Matrices also support operations such as add, multiply,
and transpose, which are NOT supported by C++’s 2D
array

2
Introduction
 It is possible to reduce time and space using a
customized representation of multidimensional
arrays
 This chapter focuses on
– Row- and column-major mapping and representations of
multidimensional arrays
– the class Matrix
– Special matrices
 Diagonal, tridiagonal, triangular, symmetric, sparse

3
1D Array Representation in C++

Memory

a b c d

start
 1-dimensional array x = [a, b, c, d]
 map into contiguous memory locations
 location(x[i]) = start + i
Space Overhead

Memory

a b c d

start

space overhead = 4 bytes for start


(excludes space needed for the elements of x)
2D Arrays

The elements of a 2-dimensional array a declared as:


int a[3][4];

may be shown as a table


a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]
a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]
Rows of a 2D Array

a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] row 0


a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] row 1
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3] row 2
Columns of a 2D Array

a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]


a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]

column 0 column 1 column 2 column 3


2D Array Representation in C++
2-dimensional array x
a, b, c, d
e, f, g, h
i, j, k, l
view 2D array as a 1D array of rows
x = [row0, row1, row 2]
row 0 = [a, b, c, d]
row 1 = [e, f, g, h]
row 2 = [i, j, k, l]
and store as 4 1D arrays
2D Array Representation in C++
x[]

a b c d
4 separate
e f g h
1-dimensional arrays
i j k l

 space overhead = overhead for 4 1D arrays


= 4 * 4 bytes
= 16 bytes
= (number of rows + 1) x 4 bytes
Array Representation in C++
x[]

a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

 This representation is called the array-of-arrays


representation.
 Requires contiguous memory of size 3, 4, 4, and 4 for the 4
1D arrays.
 1 memory block of size number of rows and number of rows
blocks of size number of columns
Row-Major Mapping
 Example 3 x 4 array:
abcd
efgh
i jkl
 Convert into 1D array y by collecting elements by rows.
 Within a row elements are collected from left to right.
 Rows are collected from top to bottom.
 We get y[] = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l}

row 0 row 1 row 2 … row i


Locating Element x[i][j]
0 c 2c 3c ic

row 0 row 1 row 2 … row i

 assume x has r rows and c columns


 each row has c elements
 i rows to the left of row i
 so ic elements to the left of x[i][0]
 x[i][j] is mapped to position
ic + j of the 1D array
Space Overhead

row 0 row 1 row 2 … row i

4 bytes for start of 1D array +


4 bytes for c (number of columns)
= 8 bytes

Note that we need contiguous memory of size rc.


Column-Major Mapping
abcd
efgh
i jkl
 Convert into 1D array y by collecting elements by columns.
 Within a column elements are collected from top to
bottom.
 Columns are collected from left to right.
 We get y = {a, e, i, b, f, j, c, g, k, d, h, l}
Row- and Column-Major Mappings
2D Array int a[3][6];
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[0][4] a[0][5]
a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[1][4] a[1][5]
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3] a[2][4] a[2][5]

16
Row- and Column-Major Mappings
 Row-major order mapping functions
map(i1,i2) = i1u2+i2 for 2D arrays
map(i1,i2,i3) = i1u2u3+i2u3+i3 for 3D arrays

 What is the mapping function for Figure 7.2(a)?


map(i1,i2) = 6i1+i2
map(2,3) = ?

 Column-major order mapping functions


// do this as an exercise
17
Irregular 2D Arrays

x[]

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 l0

Irregular 2-D array: the length of rows is not required


to be the same.
Creating and Using Irregular 2D Arrays
// declare a two-dimensional array variable
// and allocate the desired number of rows
int ** irregularArray = new int*[numberOfRows];
// now allocate space for elements in each row
for (int i = 0; i < numberOfRows; i++)
irregularArray[i] = new int [length[i]];
// use the array like any regular array
irregularArray[2][3] = 5;
irregularArray[4][6] = irregularArray[2][3]+2;
irregularArray[1][1] += 3;
Matrices
 m x n matrix is a table with m rows and n columns.
 M(i,j) denotes the element in row i and column j.
 Common matrix operations
– transpose
– addition
– multiplication

20
Matrix Operations
 Transpose
– The result of transposing an m x n matrix is an n x m
matrix with property:
MT(j,i) = M(i,j), 1 <= i <= m, 1 <= j <= n

 Addition
– The sum of matrices is only defined for matrices that
have the same dimensions.
– The sum of two m x n matrices A and B is an m x n
matrix with the property:
C(i,j) = A(i,j) + B(i,j), 1 <= i <= m, 1 <= j <= n

21
Matrix Operations
 Multiplication
– The product of matrices A and B is only defined when
the number of columns in A is equal to the number of
rows in B.
– Let A be m x n matrix and B be a n x q matrix. A*B will
produce an m x q matrix with the following property:

C(i,j) = Σ(k=1…n) A(i,k) * B(k,j)


where 1 <= i <= m and 1 <= j <= q

 Read Example 7.2

22
A Matrix Class
 There are many possible implementations for
matrices.
// use a built-in 2 dimensional array
T matrix[m][n]

// use the Array2D class


Array2D<T> matrix(m,n)

// or flatten the matrix into a one-dimensional array


template<class T>
class Matrix {
private: int rows, columns;
T *data;
};
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Shortcomings of using a 2D Array for a Matrix

 Indexes are off by 1.


 C++ arrays do not support matrix operations such
as add, transpose, multiply, and so on.
– Suppose that x and y are 2D arrays. Cannot do x + y,
x –y, x * y, etc. in C++.
 We need to develop a class matrix for object-
oriented support of all matrix operations.
 See Programs 7.2-7.7
 Read Sections 7.1-7.2

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