TRANSMISSION MODES

 Theway in which data is transmitted

from one device to another device is
known as transmission mode.
 The transmission mode is also
known as the communication mode.

1
TRANSMISSION MODES

Each communication channel has a

direction associated with it, and
transmission media provide the
direction. Therefore, the transmission
mode is also known as a directional
mode.
 The transmission mode is defined in
the physical layer.
2
THE TRANSMISSION
MODE IS DIVIDED INTO
THREE CATEGORIES:
Simplex
mode
Half-duplex
mode
Full-duplex
mode

3
SIMPLEX MODE

In Simplex mode, the

communication is unidirectional, i.e.,
the data flow in one direction.
A device can only send the data but
cannot receive it or it can receive the
data but cannot send the data.

4
SIMPLEX MODE

This transmission mode is not very

popular as mainly communications
require the two-way exchange of data.
The simplex mode is used in the
business field as in sales that do not
require any corresponding reply.

5
SIMPLEX MODE

The radio station is a simplex channel as it

transmits the signal to the listeners but never
allows them to transmit back.
Keyboard and Monitor are the examples of
the simplex mode as a keyboard can only
accept the data from the user and monitor can
only be used to display the data on the screen.

6
SIMPLEX MODE

The main advantage of the simplex

mode is that the full capacity of the
communication channel can be
utilized during transmission.

7
SIMPLEX MODE

Advantage of Simplex mode:

In simplex mode, the station can utilize the
entire bandwidth of the communication
channel, so that more data can be transmitted
at a time.
Disadvantage of Simplex mode:
Communication is unidirectional, so it has
no inter-communication between devices.

8
HALF-DUPLEX MODE

In a Half-duplex channel, direction can be

reversed, i.e., the station can transmit and
receive the data as well.
Messages flow in both the directions, but not
at the same time.

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HALF-DUPLEX MODE

The entire bandwidth of the communication

channel is utilized in one direction at a time.
In half-duplex mode, it is possible to
perform the error detection, and if any error
occurs, then the receiver requests the sender to
retransmit the data.

10
HALF-DUPLEX MODE

A Walkie-talkie is an example of the Half-

duplex mode. In Walkie-talkie, one party
speaks, and another party listens. After a
pause, the other speaks and first party listens.
Speaking simultaneously will create the
distorted sound which cannot be understood.

11
HALF-DUPLEX MODE

Advantage of Half-duplex mode:

In half-duplex mode, both the devices can send and
receive the data and also can utilize the entire
bandwidth of the communication channel during the
transmission of data.
Disadvantage of Half-Duplex mode:
In half-duplex mode, when one device is sending the
data, then another has to wait, this causes the delay in
sending the data at the right time.

12
FULL-DUPLEX MODE

In Full duplex mode, the communication is

bi-directional, i.e., the data flow in both the
directions.
Both the stations can send and receive the
message simultaneously.

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FULL-DUPLEX MODE

Full-duplex mode has two simplex channels.

One channel has traffic moving in one
direction, and another channel has traffic
flowing in the opposite direction.
The Full-duplex mode is the fastest mode of
communication between devices.

14
FULL-DUPLEX MODE

The most common example of the full-

duplex mode is a telephone network. When
two people are communicating with each
other by a telephone line, both can talk and
listen at the same time.

15
FULL-DUPLEX MODE

Advantage of Full-duplex mode:

Both the stations can send and receive the data at the
same time.
Disadvantage of Full-duplex mode:
If there is no dedicated path exists between the
devices, then the capacity of the communication
channel is divided into two parts.

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DIFFERENCES B/W
SIMPLEX, HALF-DUPLEX
AND FULL-DUPLEX
MODE
Basis for Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
comparison mode mode mode
In half-duplex
In simplex mode, In full-duplex
mode, the
Direction of the mode, the
communication
communication communication communication
is bidirectional,
is unidirectional. is bidirectional.
but one at a time.

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DIFFERENCES B/W
SIMPLEX, HALF-DUPLEX
AND FULL-DUPLEX
MODE
Basis for Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
comparison mode mode mode
A device can
only send the
Both the devices Both the devices
data but cannot
can send and can send and
Send/Receive receive it or it
receive the data, receive the data
can only receive
but one at a time. simultaneously.
the data but
cannot send it.

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DIFFERENCES B/W
SIMPLEX, HALF-DUPLEX
AND FULL-DUPLEX
MODE
Basis for Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
comparison mode mode mode
The Full-duplex
mode has better
performance
The performance The performance among simplex
of half-duplex of full-duplex and half-duplex
Performance mode is better mode is better mode as it
than the simplex than the half- doubles the
mode. duplex mode. utilization of the
capacity of the
communication
channel.
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DIFFERENCES B/W
SIMPLEX, HALF-DUPLEX
AND FULL-DUPLEX
MODE
Basis for Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
comparison mode mode mode
Examples of Example of the
Simplex mode Example of half- Full-duplex
Example are radio, duplex is mode is a
keyboard, and Walkie-Talkies. telephone
monitor. network.

20
Datalink Layer
Wired LANs: Ethernet
 IEEE STANDARDS
In 1985 ,the Computer Society of the IEEE
started a project, called Project 802, to set
standards to enable intercommunication a
among equipment from a variety of
manufacturers. Project 802 is a way of
specifying functions of the physical layer and
the data link layer of major LAN protocols.
Topics discussed in this section:
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
10.
 IEEE standard for LAN
IEEE divided the Data link layer into two
sublayer:
 upper layer : logical link control (LLC); flow
and error control.
 Lower sublayer : Multiple access (MAC);
media access control.
Multiple access (MAC) :for resolving access
to the shared media.
If channel is dedicated ( point to point) we do
not need the (MAC); sublayer.
IEEE standard for LAN
 LLC (Logical link control)and MAC (Media Access
Control)
 In IEEE project 802, flow control , error control, and part of
the framing duties are collected into one sublayer called the
logical link control (LLC )
 LLC provides one single data link control for all IEEE LANs.
 IEEE project 802 has created a sublayerMAC that defines the
specific access method for each LAN. In contrast to the LLC,
MAC contains a number of distinct modules: each defines the
access method and the framing format specific to the
corresponding LAN protocol
For example:
• CSMA/CDas media access method for EthernetLANs.
• Token passing method for Token Ring and Token Bus LANs

Framing is handled in both the LLC and MAC sublayer.

 Physical layer
 Physical layer is dependent on the
implementation and type of the
physical media used.
 IEEE define detailed specifications for
each LAN implementation.
 For example, although there is only
one MAC sublayer for Standard
Ethernet( CSMA/CD), there is a
different physical layer specifications
for each Ethernet implementations.
 ETHERNET IEEE

It is the dominant LAN technology.

Cheap
First widely used LAN technology
Simpler and cheaper than token
LANs
Kept up with speed race: 10, 100,
1000 Mbps
ETHERNET Evolution
 ETHERNET Evolution
 The MAC sublayer governs the operation of the
random access method
 Standard Ethernet uses CSMA/CD
 Ethernet dose not provide any mechanism for
acknowledging received frames( unreliable
medium).
 Acknowledgments must be implemented at the
higher layer.
 It also frames data received from the upper layer
and passes them to the physical layer.
 ETHERNET

The MAC sublayer

The MAC sublayer governs the operation of the
random access method
Standard Ethernet uses CSMA/CD
Ethernet dose not provide any mechanism for
acknowledging received frames( unreliable
medium).
Acknowledgments must be implemented at the
higher layer.
It also frames data received from the upper layer
and passes them to the physical layer.
 ETHERNET frame

The Ethernet frame contains seven fields:

Preamble:
7bytes (56 bits); Alternating 0s and 1s, used for synchronizing
Start Frame Delimiter (SFD):
10101011 indicates the start of the frame.
Last two bits (11) alerts that the next field is destination address.
preamble and SFD are added at the physical layer and is not
formally part of the frame
 ETHERNET frame

DA: Destination address

SA: Source Address
Length/Type:
Define the upper-layer protocol using the MAC frame. OR
define the number of bytes in the data filed.
Data: minumum: 46 and maximum : 1500 bytes
CRC: error detection information:CRC-32
 Note

Frame length:
Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits)
Maximum: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits

10.
 ETHERNET frame

Minimum frame length restriction(64 bytes) is required for

the correct operation of CSMA/CD.
•Min data length =64 -18 (6+-6+2+4) = 46 bytes
•If the upper-layer packet is less than 46 bytes, padding is
added to make up the difference.
•Maximum length restriction; two historical reasons:
•Memory was very expensive when Ethernet was designed.
•Prevents one station from monopolizing the shared medium,
blocking other stations that have data to sent.
•Max data length =1518-18= 1500 bytes.
 Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

• Each station (PC or printer) has a network interface

card (NIC) which provides the station with a 6-byte [48
bits] physical address (MAC adress)
• It is written in hexadecimal notation, with a colon
between the bytes
Source address is always a unicast address –the frames
comes from only one station.
Destination address can be:
•unicast: defines only one recipient; one to one
•multicast: a group of addresses; one to many
•Broadcast: the recipients are all the stations on the LAN
 Note

The least significant bit of the first byte defines

the type of address.
if the bit is 0, the address is unicast; otherwise,
it is multicast.
The broadcast destination address is a special
case of the multicast address in which all bits
are 1s.

10.
 Example 1
Define the type of the following destination addresses:
a.4A:30:10:21:10:1A
b.47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
c.FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the
second hexadecimal digit from the left.
If it is even, the address is unicast. If it is odd, the address
is multicast .If all digits are F’s, the address is broadcast.
Therefore, we have the following:
a.This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b.this is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
c.This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s.
 Example 2

Show how the address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EEis sent out on

line.
Solution
The address is sent left-to-right, byte by byte; for each byte,
it is sent right-to-left( LSB first), bit by bit, as shown below
left-to-right :47→20→1B→2E→08→ EE
47 is 0100 0111 right -to-left 1110 0010