Correlation
Objectives:
At the end of the discussion, the students
must be able to:
• illustrates the nature of bivariate data
• constructs a scatter plot
• describes shape (form), trend
(direction), and variation (strength)
based on a scatter plot
• estimates strength of association
between the variables based on a
scatter plot
• Calculates the Pearson Product
Moment Correlation;
• Solve Problems involving Correlation
Analysis
Correlation and Scatterplots
• A correlation is a relationship between two variables.
• Some research involve two variables: independent
variable and dependent variable.
• Independent variable is the variable that may affect
the dependent variable change.
• Dependent variable is the variable that is influenced
or affected by the independent variable.
Correlation and Scatterplots
• The data collected in this type of study that involves
two variables are called Bivariate Data.
Here are some examples of bivariate data.
1. Number of hours spent studying and the
corresponding test score
2. Height and weight of children below 18 years old
3. IQ score and the amount of sleeping time
Correlation
Lesson 6.1 and Scatter
Scatter PlotsPlots
• Scatter Plots are diagrams that are used to
show the degree and pattern of relationship
between the two sets of data. They are
constructed on the xy coordinate plane.
Types of Correlation
Positive Linear Correlation
It exists when high values of
one variable correspond to
high values in the other
variable or low values in one
variable correspond to low
values in the other variable.
Types of Correlation
Negative Linear Correlation
It exists when high values in
one variable correspond to
low values in the other
variable or low values in one
variable correspond to high
values in the other variable.
Types of Correlation
Zero Correlation
It exists when high
values in one variable
correspond to either high
or low values in the
other variable.
Types of Correlation
Non-linear Correlation
It exist when the rate of
change of the two
variables are not
constant.
Example 1 The table shows the time in hours (x)
spent by six grade 11 students in
studying their lessons and their scores.
Construct a scatter plot.
Time
Spent (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Score (y)
5 15 10 15 30 35
a. Identify the independent and dependent
variable.
b. Construct the scatter plot and determine the
strength of correlation between the two variables
Example 2 The table below shows the time in hours
spent by six students in playing computer
games and the scores these students got
on a math test. Construct a scatter plot
Time
Spent (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Score (y)
30 25 25 10 15 5
a. Identify the independent and dependent
variable.
b. Construct the scatter plot and determine the
strength of correlation between the two variables
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
• The scatter plot is not accurate enough to describe the strength and
direction of relationship between two variables. A more analytical
approach to describe the relationship between two variables is by
computing the correlation coefficient.
• The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) , measures the
strength of the linear relationship between two variables.
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
The Table that will be used in interpreting the correlation coefficient (r).
Value of r Strength of Correlation
1 Perfect Positive/Negative Correlation
0.71 to 0.99 Strong Positive/Negative Correlation
0.51 to 0.70 Moderately Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.31 to 0.50 Weak Positive/Negative Correlation
0.01 to 0.30 Negligible Positive/Negative
Correlation
0 No correlation
Example 4
The table below shows the time in hours spent
studying (x) by six grade 11 students and their
scores on a test (y). Solve for the Pearson
Product Moment Correlation Coefficient r.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 5 10 15 15 25 35
Example 4: The table below shows the time in hours spent studying (x) by six grade
11 students and their scores on a test (y). Solve for the Pearson Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient r.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 5 10 15 15 25 35
Value of r Strength of Correlation
1 Perfect Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.71 to 0.99 Strong Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.51 to 0.70 Moderately
Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.31 to 0.50 Weak Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.01 to 0.30 Negligible Positive/Negative
Correlation
0 No correlation
Example 5
The table below shows the time in hours (x) spent by
six students in playing computer games and the
scores these students got on a math test. Solve for
the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 30 25 25 10 15 5
Example 5: The table below shows the time in hours (x) spent by six students in
playing computer games and the scores these students got on a math test. Solve
for the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 30 25 25 10 15 5
Value of r Strength of Correlation
1 Perfect Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.71 to 0.99 Strong Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.51 to 0.70 Moderately
Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.31 to 0.50 Weak Positive/Negative
Correlation
0.01 to 0.30 Negligible Positive/Negative
Correlation
0 No correlation
