Presentation WPS Office

INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
Steffie Raizel B. Dumas
Grade 12 Dalton STEM
EXPECTATIONS
■ 1. describe the types of intermolecular
forces;
■ 2. differentiate the types of intermolecular
forces; and,
■ 3. recognize the importance of types of
intermolecular forces in daily life
Types of Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
•The interaction between molecules (substances that

are made of atoms that bond through the sharing of
electrons to form covalent bonds) are governed by
physical forces called intermolecular forces.
•These are forces that arise from the way in how
electrons are shared within the covalent bonds of
different molecules. These types of forces also affect
the physical properties of compounds.
Intermolecular forces
•This force holds the molecules together which can
be attractive or repulsive.
•These intermolecular forces are accountable

for the properties of substances. Moreover,
intermolecular forces explain why substances
exist as solid, liquids or gases at room
temperature.
5Types of Intermolecular Forces
(involving covalent molecules)
■ Ion – Ion Interaction
■ Ion – dipole
■ Dipole – dipole Interaction
■ Hydrogen bond Interaction
■ London dispersion Interaction/ Van Der Waals Intermolecular forces
The first three types are known as “Van der Waals forces”.
On the other hand, hydrogen bond is a special type of
dipole-dipole interaction.
Johannes Diderik van Der Waals
■ In his 1873 thesis, Van Der Waals
noted the non-ideality of real gases
and attributed it to the existence of
Intermolecular interaction.
■ Was born on November 23, 1837
in Leyden, The Netherlands.
A. Ion - Ion Interaction
■ Ions are charged particles or have
permanent whole number charges.
Remember that like charges repel each Figure 1
other and opposite charges attract, as
shown in figure 1. The attraction between
these ions are pulled together by a force
called an electrostatic force. Remember
that electrostatic force as stated in
Coulomb`s Law is directly proportional to
the charge of the ions and inversely
related to the distance between them. The
equation is also shown in figure 1
■ How do we determine the strength of the built
forces between ions? As shown in the equation,
the strength of the electrostatic force that is built
depends on the product of the charges (Z1Z2)
divided by the square of the distance of separation
(d2). Meaning that as the particles (ions) get
attracted the force between these ions becomes
stronger as they get closer. The attraction between
these ions is called ion-ion interaction.
Let us have examples by comparing the molecules below. Which
from these ions will have a stronger ion-ion interaction?
•According to the equation given in the figure above, the higher the
magnitude of the charges the higher is the electrostatic force, so the
interaction between Ca+2 and O-2 ions is stronger than the Na+ and Cl-
ions. Why? Because the charges in calcium and oxygen are higher than the
sodium and chloride ions. In the case of ions with the same charges, this
time you have to take note of the size of the ions because as the size of the
ion increases the electrostatic force decreases.
■ The physical property such as the melting point of a
compound is greatly affected by the magnitude of the
lattice energy or the electrostatic energy built between
the ions. Meaning that the higher the electrostatic force
between molecules will have a higher melting point. To
illustrate this, let us compare Aluminum nitride and
Magnesium oxide, wherein aluminum nitride will have
a higher magnitude of charge which is +3 for aluminum
and -3 for nitrogen, while magnesium oxide is lower
having +2 for magnesium and -2 charge for oxygen.
Therefore, the molecule that has a higher melting point
is aluminum nitride.
B. Ion Dipole Interaction
■ Ion dipole interaction is very evident when pouring water
molecules around sodium ions which is the case when
dissolving sodium chloride in water.
Figure 3
■ Water is a permanent dipole molecule because it has
positive and negative poles as a result of the uneven
distribution of electrons within it. So when a
molecule has two opposite partial charges they are
dipole and polar. Once water molecules surround the
sodium ions, the oxygen that is partially negative in
the water molecule will be attracted to the sodium
ion which is positively charged. Eventually, the
positively charged hydrogen in the water molecule
will be attracted to the chloride ion.
C. Dipole – dipole interaction
From the given compounds

above, which do you think is a
dipole molecule, and why?
■ Yes, all of the given compounds are all dipole
molecules. What makes them dipole is because
of the partial opposite charges present in the
molecule. When we say dipole-dipole
interaction, we are referring to the interaction of
the two dipole molecules such as between
molecules of carbon monoxide, hydrochloric
acid, and nitrogen trifluoride. Wherein the two
poles of each molecule is either partially positive
or partially negative. So let us have an example
to illustrate this type of interaction.
Figure 4
• Figure 4 shows the molecules of nitrogen trifluoride where fluorine is more

electronegative than nitrogen. And once a molecule of nitrogen trifluoride reacts
with another molecule of nitrogen trifluoride, the partially negative fluoride ions
will get attracted to the partially positively charged nitrogen of another nitrogen
trifluoride molecule. The attraction between the opposite charges is called
dipole-dipole interaction. And if we put in another nitrogen trifluoride, this
molecule will rearrange itself in such a way that the partial positive of the
nitrogen in this molecule is attracted to the partially positive on the fluorines of
the other nitrogen trifluoride molecule. The same thing will happen to the
molecules of hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide which are shown in figure
5 and figure 6.
D. Hydrogen bond Interaction
■ What do you think is the most obvious similarities among the
molecules below?
The given above molecules exhibit a special kind of dipole-dipole

interaction that occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to
either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom. Meaning that the hydrogen
is partially positive and is attracted to the nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine
which are partially negative. The strength of hydrogen bonding is
relatively strong that requires energy to break it. No wonder why water
molecules have high boiling points and melting points. Hydrogen
bonding also plays a vital role in holding the nucleotide bases together in
our DNA and RNA.
■ Take note that you might be claiming the bond between hydrogen and
fluorine atoms is a hydrogen bond. It is not, because if we say the
intermolecular type of interaction, we are considering the attraction
between molecules not within the molecule. Figure 7 and figure 8 show
the hydrogen bonding for the ammonia and hydrofluoric acid.
Figure 7 Figure 8
The strength of the hydrogen bonding depends on the

extensiveness or number of formed hydrogen bonds and the
polarity of the bond. The arrangement of the strength of the
hydrogen bond is H-O< H-N <H-F because H-F is a highly
polar molecule.
E. London Dispersion Interaction/
Van der Waals Intermolecular Forces
■ This type of interaction happens to be present in all types of
molecules whether ionic or covalent-polar or nonpolar.
However, this type of intermolecular force is significant in
nonpolar molecules and the force is developed due to the
uneven distribution of electrons and create a temporary dipole.
This type of force is a very weak type of dipole interaction.
The force between these molecules increases with the
polarizability (squishiness of a molecule), molecular size
(more electrons), and pi bonding (overlapping of orbitals).
Figure 9
The above figure 9 shows the increasing size of the molecules from the halogen
group. So from the molecules above the iodine molecule would have a stronger
London dispersion force.
London dispersion force (LDF) is responsible for the liquid phase of noble
gases. Figure 9 shows how helium gets into the liquid phase. The figure shows
that originally we have two atoms of Helium. But once these two atoms get
closer, the electrons outside the nucleus of helium will migrate in such a way
that the electrons of the other helium atom will get attracted to the proton of the
other helium. This attraction between opposite charges is the Coulombs`s Law,
thus creating a temporary dipole. The London dispersion force is simply the
connection between these two atoms.
Among these types, the strongest type of intermolecular forces is ion-ion
dipole because of the permanent charge while London dispersion forces are
the weakest because of the presence of temporary dipole and they are
usually in gas forms.
Strong intermolecular forces increase the physical behavior of the

molecules such as melting points, boiling points, viscosity, and surface
area.
What is the importance of intermolecular
forces in our everyday life?
■ Intermolecular forces are the forces of
attraction between molecules. These forces
are important because they help chemists
determine the physical properties of a
substance, such as its state, its melting and
boiling point, etc. The stronger the
intermolecular forces, the higher the melting
and boiling points are.
Summary
■ Intermolecular forces, often abbreviated to IMF, are
the attractive and repulsive forces that arise between
the molecules of a substance. These forces mediate the
interactions between individual molecules of a
substance. Intermolecular forces are responsible for
most of the physical and chemical properties of matter.
THANK YOU!!

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INTERMOLECULAR

•The interaction between molecules (substances that

•These intermolecular forces are accountable

From the given compounds

• Figure 4 shows the molecules of nitrogen trifluoride where fluorine is more

The given above molecules exhibit a special kind of dipole-dipole

The strength of the hydrogen bonding depends on the

Strong intermolecular forces increase the physical behavior of the

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