TYPEWRITER

AND TYPEWRITING
IDENTIFICATION
 OVERVIEW

Lesson 9.1 Fundamentals of Typewriting Identification

Lesson 9.2 Evolution of Typewriters

Lesson 9.3 Identification and Examination of Typewritten

Questioned Documents

Lesson 9.4 Types of Typewriters

FUNDAMENTALS OF TYPEWRITING IDENTIFICATION

Definition of Typewriter
It is a writing machine with a keyboard for reproducing letters,
figures, symbols and other resembling printed ones; a
machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers or
that can produce printed letters and figures on paper; a
machine designed to print or impress type characters on
paper, as a speedier and more legible substitute for
handwriting.
SIGNIFICANT TERMS

A. ALIGNMENT
Alignment defects include characters which write improperly in the following respects:
A twisted letter, horizontal mal-alignment, vertical mal-alignment, and a character "Off its feet".

B. ALIGNMENT DEFECT
Include character which write improperly in the following respects: A twisted letter,
horizontal mal-alignment, vertical, mal-alignment and a character special adjustment to the
types block.
 SIGNIFICANT TERMS

C. CARBON IMPRESSION
Any typewriting which is placed on the paper by the action of the type faces striking thought
carbon paper is classed as a carbon impression.

D. CHARACTER
In connection with typewriting identification, the term <<Character>> is used to include letters,
symbols, numerals, or points of punctuation.

E. CLOGGED ( DIRTY) TYPEFACES

With use the type faces becomes filled with lint, dirty and ink, particularly in enclosed letters such
as the o, e, p, and g.
SIGNIFICANT TERMS

F. DEFECTS
The term defect describes any abnormality or maladjustment in a typewriter which is
reflected in its works and which leads to its individualization or identification.

G. NATURAL VARIATIONS
These are normal or usual deviations found between repeated specimens of any
individuals handwriting or in the product of any typewriters.

H. OFF ITS FEET

The condition of a typeface printing heavier on one side or corner than over the remainder
of its outline.
SIGNIFICANT TERMS

I. PERMANENT DEFECT
Any identifying characteristics of a type-writer which cannot be corrected by simply cleaning the
type face or replacing the ribbon is classified as a permanent defect.

J. PLATEN
The cylinder which serve as the backing of the paper and which absorbs the blow on the type face
is known as a platen.

K. PROPORTIONAL SPACING TYPEWRITING

A modern form of typewriting which resembles printing in that all of the horizontal space as they
do with the conventional typewriter. For example, the "i" occupies two units. The "o" - three and the
"m" - five. A typewriter of this design is known as a proportional spacing machine.
SIGNIFICANT TERMS

L. REBOUND
A defect in which a character prints a double impression with the lighter one
slightly offset to the right or left.

M. RIBBON IMPRESSIONS
Typewriting which is made directly through a cloth ribbon is called ribbon impression.

N. RIBBON CONDITION
Typewriter ribbons gradually deteriorate with use and the degree of determination is a
measure of the ribbon condition.
SIGNIFICANT TERMS

0. TRANSITORY DEFECT
Any identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated by cleaning the
machine or replacing the ribbon is described as a transitory defects. Clogged type is the most
common defects in this class.

P. TWISTED LETTER
Each letter and character is designed to print a certain fixed angle to the base line,
due to wear, and damage to the type bars and the type block, some letters become twisted
so that they lean to the right or left of their correct slant.
SIGNIFICANT TERMS

Q. TYPE FACE
The printing surface of the type block is known as the type face, with most modern
typewriter this block is attached at the end of a movable arm or type bar which propels the type
face against the ribbon and paper to make the typewriter impression.

R. TYPE FACE DEFECTS

Any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to the type face metal is known
as type face defect. These defect may be actual breaks in the outline of the letter where the
metal has been chipped away sometimes referred toas broken type, or they may be distorted
outlines of the letter where the type face metal has become bent or smashed, they can only be
corrected by replacing the type block.
EVOLUTION OF TYPEWRITERS

1. The first patent, however, was granted by QUEEN ANNE of England to

HENRY MILL in 1714 for a machine designed to reproduce a letter of the
alphabet.
2. In 1829, WILLIAM AUSTIN BURT of Detroit, invented the TYPOGRAPHER.
3. In 1833 a French patent was given to the French inventor Xavier Progin for
a machine that embodied for the first time one of the principles employed in
modern typewriters: the use for each letter or symbol of separate typebars,
actuated by separate lever keys.
4. In 1843, American inventor Charles Grover Thurber invented a typewriter which prints
through a metal ring that revolved horizontally above the platen and was equipped with a
series of vertical keys or plungers having pieces of type at the bottom. The machine was
operated by revolving the wheel until the correct letter was centered over the printing
position on the platen, and then striking the key.

5. Several other inventors attempted to produce machines designed to make embossed

impressions that could be read by the blind. One such machine, developed by the
American inventor Alfred Ely Beach in 1856, resembled the modern typewriter in the
arrangement of its keys and typebars, but embossed its letters on a narrow paper strip
instead of a sheet.
6. A similar machine created by the American inventor Samuel W. Francis, and patented
by him in 1856, had a circular arrangement of typebars, a moving paper holder, a bell that
rang to signal the end of a line, and an inked ribbon. The keyboard arrangement of
Francis's machine resembled the black and white keys of a piano.

7. The development of the first practical typewriter begun in 1866 by CHRISTOPHER

LATHAM SHOLES and was patented in 1868. He developed the first practical typewriter
in cooperation with two fellow mechanics, CARLOS GLIDEN and SAMUEL SOULE’.

8. Six years later (1874), Christopher Latham Sholes entered an agreement with
ELIPHALET REMINGTON AND SONS, GUNSMITHS & SEWING MACHINES the
company produced the REMINGTON MODEL I.
9. Four years later, REMINGTON MODEL II was introduced having both the lower and
upper case of the alphabet.
10. MARK TWAIN (Samuel Clemens) was among the first to buy a typewriter and the first
to submit a typewritten manuscript to a publisher.
11. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW recognized the importance of typewriter when he
became the first playwright to use it as a stage prop in Candida in 1897.
12. When THOMAS EDISON visited Sholes to see his machine, he forecasted that
typewriters would one day be operated by electricity. 13. Soon afterwards, Edison built
such a typewriter. He used a series of magnet, which made the machine cumbersome
and too expensive to be marketed.
14. The first practical electric typewriter was invented in 1914 by JAMES F. SMATHERS
of Kansas City.
15. In 1933, the International Business Machines, Inc. (IBM), introduced the first
commercially successful electric typewriter to the business world.
16. The latest development in electric typewriter is one which not only eliminates type
bars and movable carriages but can use six interchangeable type of type faces.
17. The first basic change in typewriting operation appeared in 1961. Despite of the
revolutionary advances in typewriting capabilities, one essential element has remained
unchanged since the first Remington. The keyboard arrangement, nicknamed QWERTY
for the top line of letters, was designed to make it easier for salesmen to use the
machine.
18. A much more efficient arrangement was devised in 1936 by AUGUST DVORAK. The
process of changing over the DVORAK seemed so difficult that it was never even begun.
 IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION OF TYPEWRITTEN
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

HAGAN in 1894, made the first comment on typewriting examination. He wrote that all typewriter
machines even when using the same kind of type become more or less peculiar by use as to the work
done by them. These peculiarities positively connect them with the printing done by the machine.
This exposition of the principles of typewriting identification was followed in 1900 by AMES who
wrote that the identity of writing by different operators as well as that done on different machines can be
done with considerable degree Different operators have their own peculiar methods which differ widely in
the location of date, address, margins, punctuation, spacing, signing as well as impressions from touch.
In several articles written between 1901 to 1907, ALBERT S. OSBORNE, the foremost document
examiner of the early 20th century, defined the principles of typewriting identification used today. He
called it "THE LANDMARKS IN TYPEWRITING IDENTIFICATION."
 THE LANDMARKS IN TYPEWRITING IDENTIFICATION

1. The type faces used by the different type writer manufacturer can be differentiated on
the basis of design and have dating significance.

2. Through usage, typewriters develop individuality which can serve to identify the
typewriting of a particular typewriter.

3. The gradual development of typewriting individuality plus ribbon condition and

typeface. Cleanliness can be used to date a document of fix it written a period of time.
4. Horizontal and vertical alignment, tilting characters, lack of uniformity of impression
(off- footedness); type-face score, breadths, defects and deformities all serve to identify
the type writing of a particular machine.

5. Peculiar habits of striking the type writer keys, spacing, arrangement, punctuation,
mistakes, corrections, can be used to identify a typist or differentiate typists.

6. A sheet of paper cannot be reinserted in a typewriter in exact register with previous

typing done on the sheet of paper.
 TYPES OF TYPEWRITERS

A. CONVENTIONAL TYPEWRITERS USING TYPE BARS

1. Pica Type - 10 letter/inch
2. Elite Type - 12 Letters/inch
3. 6 Letters/inch
4. Teletype Machine
5. 14-16 letter/inch - specials typewriters
B. TYPEWRITER USING SINGLE ELEMENT OR BALL
A machine, capable of typing 10 or 12 characters per inch. Change of horizontal
spacing is done easily by the flip of a switch.

C. TYPEWRITER USING A PRINT WHEEL (ELECTRONIC

TYPEWRITER)
This has a disc type device called a print wheel, The printwheel contains all of
characters represented on the typewriter keyboard. This machine has the capability of
typing 10, 12 and 15 letters per inch.
Take Note: Two typewritten documents are said to be
typed from one and the same typewriter if they agree in type
face style, design, spacing, alignment and three or four scars
of damaged type faces.
GROUP MEMBER:
ABARRACOSO, VIAJOY A.
BACAY, ERALYN
UY, TREXIE MAE
DE LUNA, MARICON
BOTORRES, JOVED
CARSADA, RECHELLE ANN
THANK YOU
AND
GOOD DAY!